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Example research essay topic: Treaty Of Paris Laissez Faire - 2,320 words

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Mrs. S Chris Johnson History 10 -H November 14, 1999 &# 61608; Enlightenment grew out of the scientific revolution of the 1500 s and 1600 s &# 61608; Joseph Precisely and Antoine Lavoisier built framework for modern chemistry &# 61608; Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox &# 61608; Natural Laws Laws that govern human nature &# 61608; Thomas Hobbes and John Locke made ideas key to the Enlightenment &# 61608; Thomas Hobbes put ideas into his book, Leviathan &# 61608; He argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish &# 61608; Thought life in a state of nature would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short &# 61608; Hobbes supported the Stuart kings in struggle against parliament &# 61608; John Locke optimistic view of nature &# 61608; Thought people were basically reasonable and moral &# 61608; Believed that all people had Natural Rights rights that belonged to all humans from birth &# 61608; Theses rights included: right to life, liberty, and property &# 61608; Wrote Two Treatises of Government &# 61608; It said that people formed governments to protect their natural rights &# 61608; He rejected absolute monarchy &# 61608; Also believed that people had the right to overthrow the government &# 61608; 1700 s France saw a flowering of enlightenment &# 61608; early and influential thinker was Baron de Montesquieu &# 61608; he studied the governments of Europe &# 61608; often gave sharp criticism of absolute monarchy &# 61608; wrote, The Spirit of the Laws &# 61608; discussed governments throughout history and complimented England's monarchy &# 61608; his ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances in government were written into the constitution of the United States &# 61608; Philosophes which means lovers of wisdom &# 61608; Most famous Philosophes was Francois-Marie About who later took the name of Voltaire &# 61608; His outspoken attacks offended the government and the catholic church &# 61608; He was imprisoned and exiled &# 61608; Encyclopedia written by Denis Diderot &# 61608; Took 25 years to write the 28 volumes &# 61608; The purpose was to change the general way of thinking &# 61608; Included articles by leading thinkers of the day including Montesquieu and Voltaire &# 61608; Denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and argued education for all &# 61608; French government thought the book was an attack on public morals &# 61608; Most controversial Philosophe was Jean-Jacques Rousseau &# 61608; Believed people in natural state were basically good &# 61608; Thought natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society &# 61608; Set forth his ideas on government and society in The Social Contract &# 61608; Thought the individual should be subordinate to the community &# 61608; Hatred of political and economic oppression woven through out his works &# 61608; Helped fan the flames of revolt in centuries to come &# 61608; Women did have natural rights &# 61608; These rights were limited to the home and family &# 61608; Notion that women were by nature inferior to men &# 61608; Germaine de Stael in France and Catherine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft in England argued that women had been excluded from the social contract itself &# 61608; Wollenstonecraft best known British female critic &# 61608; Accepted that a womans first duty was to be a good mother &# 61608; Felt that a woman should be able to decide what is in her own interest and should not be completely dependent on her husband &# 61608; She published, Vindication of the Rights of Woman &# 61608; Called for same education for girls and boys &# 61608; Argued only education can give women the tools to participate equally with men in public life &# 61608; Physiocrats looked for Natural Laws to define a rational economic system &# 61608; Laissez faire allowed businesses to operate with little or no government interference &# 61608; Claimed that real wealth came from making the land more productive &# 61608; Extractive industries such as agriculture, mining, and logging produced new wealth &# 61608; Physiocrats supported free trade and wanted to lift all tariffs &# 61608; Adam Smith a British economist admired the physiocrats &# 61608; He argued that Free market natural forces of supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and regulate business &# 61608; A strong supporter of Laissez faire &# 61608; Believed that the marketplace was better off with out any government regulation &# 61608; However he did believe that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works &# 61608; His ideas gained increasing influenced as the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe &# 61608; The ideas of the enlightenment spread quickly through many levels of society &# 61608; Coffeehouses were often where people met to discuss new ideas &# 61608; Europeans had accepted without question a society based on divine right rule, a strict class system and a belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering &# 61608; In the Age of Reason such ideas seemed unscientific and irrational &# 61608; Government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order &# 61608; They waged a war of censorship, banning and burning books and imprisoning writers &# 61608; Writers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau sometimes disguised their ideas in works of fiction &# 61608; Salons informal social gatherings &# 61608; Noblewomen started the idea by inviting a few friends over to their homes for poetry readings &# 61608; Only the most witty, intelligent, and well-read people were invited to salons &# 61608; By 1700 s some middle class women began holding salons &# 61608; Gave middle class citizens the ability to meet with the nobility on an equal footing to discuss and spread enlightenment ideas. &# 61608; Inspired from previous visits to Salons Madame Geoffrin eventually set up her own salon in the house on Rue Saint Honore &# 61608; She entertained poets and philosophers, artists and musicians &# 61608; On Mondays Geoffrin welcomed artists and musicians &# 61608; Wednesdays, philosophers and poets came for discussion &# 61608; Madame donated large sums of money to help support the Encyclopedia &# 61608; Visiting monarchs paid their respects at what came to be called the kingdom of Rue Saint Honore &# 61608; Catherine 2 nd of Russia and Maria Theresa of Austria often visited &# 61608; Some monarchs did accept enlightenment ideas &# 61608; They became Enlightened Despots absolute rulers who used their power to bring about social and political change &# 61608; Frederick the Great King of Prussia from 1740 1786 saw himself as the the first servant of the state with a duty to work for the common good &# 61608; He admired Voltaire tolerated religious differences welcoming victims of religious persecution &# 61608; His reforms were directed mainly at making the Prussian government more efficient &# 61608; Catherine the Great exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot &# 61608; Made limited reforms in law and government &# 61608; Allied herself with the Russian nobles &# 61608; Joseph 2 nd Hapsburg emperor student of enlightenment &# 61608; Tried to improve the lives of peasants &# 61608; Chose talented middle class officials rather than nobles to head departments and impose a range of political and legal reforms &# 61608; Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire &# 61608; Grand, complex style of art known as Baroque &# 61608; Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement &# 61608; They glorified historic battles or the lives of saints &# 61608; By 1700 s Rococo style was invented &# 61608; Rococo art was personal, refined, elegant, and charming &# 61608; Furniture and tapestries featured delicate shells and flower decorations &# 61608; Also included European versions of Chinese art &# 61608; Painters showed noble subjects in charming rural settings, surrounded by happy servants and pets &# 61608; Ballets and operas- plays set to music- were performed at royal courts &# 61608; Opera houses sprang up from Italy to England to amuse the paying public &# 61608; Johann Sebastian Bach wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs &# 61608; George Frederick Handel wrote Water Music and other pieces for King George I &# 61608; His most celebrated work Messiah combines both instruments and choir &# 61608; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was only 6 yr. old when he hit it big &# 61608; Although he was an instant celebrity he died in poverty at the age of 35 &# 61608; Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe &# 61608; Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela &# 61608; Villages in Western Europe were relatively more prosperous than those in Eastern Europe &# 61608; In the west serfdom had largely disappeared &# 61608; Peasants worked their own patches of land &# 61608; Others were tenants of large land owners &# 61608; In Eastern Europe serfdom was firmly rooted &# 61608; Peasants bound to the land owed labor services to their lords and could be bought and sold with land &# 61608; In France, peasants still had to provide free labor &# 61608; In England, country squires had the right to hunt foxes across the plowed and planted fields of their tenants &# 61608; England's location made it well placed to control trade during the Renaissance &# 61608; In the 1700 s Britain was generally on the winning side in European conflicts &# 61608; Treaty of Utrecht France was forced to give Britain Nova Scotia and Newfoundland &# 61608; England gained an monopoly in the slave trade in south America &# 61608; Slave trade brought enormous wealth to British merchants &# 61608; 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the seven years war. Gave Britain all of French Canada &# 61608; British east India company pushed the French out of India &# 61608; Britain had no large standing army instead it had a powerful navy &# 61608; England followed mercantilist policies &# 61608; 1707 Act of Union united Scotland and England in the United Kingdom of Great Britain &# 61608; United kingdom also included Wales &# 61608; England had controlled Ireland since the 1100 s &# 61608; Gave Protestant settlers title to Irish catholic lands &# 61608; Three new political institutions arose in Britain: Political parties, the Cabinet, and the office of the prime minister &# 61608; Government whose power is defined and limited by law Constitutional Government &# 61608; British constitution is made up of all acts of parliament over the centuries &# 61608; Includes: Magna Carta, and bill of rights &# 61608; Two political parties emerged: Whigs and Tories &# 61608; Whigs backed liberal policies, reflected urban business interests, and supported religious toleration for Protestants.

Whigs dominated the parliament in the 1700 s &# 61608; Tories - conservative landed aristocrats, sought to preserve old traditions, supported broad royal powers and a dominant Anglican church &# 61608; The two parties represented cliques among the rich powerful men &# 61608; Votes were often pooled to advance their common interests &# 61608; A handful of parliamentary advisors set policies they were called the cabinet &# 61608; Leader of the majority party in parliament and in time the chief official of the British government Prime Minister &# 61608; Robert Walpole considered Britains first Prime Minister &# 61608; A government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people Oligarchy &# 61608; Highest nobles held seats in the house of lords &# 61608; Wealthy landowners controlled elections in house of commons &# 61608; The right to vote was limited to few male property owners &# 61608; Majority of society made a meager living from the land &# 61608; Landless families faced a harsh and desperate existence &# 61608; Middle class included successful merchants and manufactures &# 61608; George the 3 rd tried to regain the crowns powers to no avail many of his policies on America led to the American revolution &# 61608; By 1750 a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America &# 61608; Part of Britains growing empire &# 61608; 1600 s parliament had passed the Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing &# 61608; colonies were home to diverse religions and ethnic groups &# 61608; George III and his ministers thought that the colonists should help pay for the French Indian war. Britain began to enforce the long-neglected laws regulating colonial trade and parliament passed new laws to raise taxes from the colonies &# 61608; Colonists protested with, no taxation without representation &# 61608; They believed since they had no say on parliament that they shouldnt be taxed &# 61608; 1770 British soldiers opened fire on a protesting crowd killing 5 &# 61608; 1773, a handful of colonists staged the Boston tea party throwing cargo of British tea of the ships and into the harbor to protest the new taxes on tea &# 61608; By April 1775 the crisis exploded into a war &# 61608; Colonial leaders met in a Continental Congress to decide what actions to take &# 61608; Congress setup a continental army with George Washington in command &# 61608; Following year the congress voted for independence and had Thomas Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence &# 61608; The Declaration claimed that people had the right to alter or abolish unjust government &# 61608; on July 4, 1776 American leaders adopted the Declaration &# 61608; American cause looked bleak &# 61608; British held New York and Philadelphia, rebels controlled the country side. &# 61608; American triumph over the British in Battle of Saratoga &# 61608; Convinced the French to join the Americans against its old rival, Britain &# 61608; Netherlands and spain soon added their support &# 61608; Washington forced the surrender of a British army at Yorktown &# 61608; Two years later American, British, and French negotiators signed the Treaty of Paris &# 61608; In it Britain recognized the independence of The United States of America &# 61608; It also accepted the new nations western frontier as the Mississippi river Bibliography:


Free research essays on topics related to: prime minister, treaty of paris, absolute monarchy, thomas hobbes, laissez faire

Research essay sample on Treaty Of Paris Laissez Faire

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