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Example research essay topic: Trench Warfare European Nations - 1,322 words

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S. Asin philosophies to the West. Third World countries w/ collective widespread lasting poverty in Asia, Africa, South and Cent, Amer. Low life expect. High inf. mortality.

Poor health. Underdeveloped, lack of resources create this as well as colonization and exploitation by imperial powers. Trench Warfare (WWI) a new dev'd method of fighting utilizing ditches dug on the western front = deadlock and killing thousands of soldiers for virtual stalemate. 3 X Entente-France, Russ, GB (WWI). 3 x Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (WWI) United Nations founded 1945 in final phase of WWII to maintain int'l peace and security, and promote int'l coop'n forum for denounce'n colonial expansion and negotiation of eco. Gain sought by dev " pg countries following polit. Independence. colonial expansion and negotiation of eco.

Gain sought by dev " pg countries following polit. Independence. Universal Declaration of Human Rights catalog of rights adopted by UN in 1948. Sum of int'l trading policies, civ. Rights, legal systems; rights to life, liberty, security of personal freedom from arbitrary arrest, to social security, right to work, education. Versailles treaty- n cluded payment of reparations, admission of german responsibility for the war, loss of several territories in euro.

As well as overseas colonies, dem militar. Of German territory west of the Rhine& limitation of german armed forces to 1, 000 troop. Signed in 1919 in Paris. The major pwr's involved were US, GB and France. WaBenzi (Kenya) dom. Class of "state bourgeosie" in Africa; dev'd as state spending generated thousands jobs and gov't bureaucracies, such as people chauffeured in Mercedes-Benz.

Warsaw Pact nations including Sov. Union, Poland, E. Ger, Czech, Hung, Rom, Bulg, and Alb. Treaty est. mutual defense org in response to NATO; strengthened Soviet hold on satellite countries. Weimar Republic gov.

in Germ. Following WWI unt'l Great Depression. New Gov. of lib'l dem politicians; faced animosity from German pop... never est. d broad support (pre Third Reich) Yanan Way Yanan (cap; l of Communists' new Gov.

in the NW province of Shaanxi, China. Zaibatsu the large, private, family-run corporations controlling most of Japan's indust. Capital 1919. They joined the bureaucratic and military elites to become Japan's newest ruling class in place of the Samurai and Daimyo; dual economy; Japan subsidized modern industry at the expense of agr.

And sml business. 2 -tiered labor force w / in Gain. Small, skilled male elite, and large force of hardly treated low-paid male and female workers. Zionism Balfour decl. was major vict. For Zionist Org. working since 1896 to cultivate Great Power support for migration of Jews to Palestine.

Supported est. state of Palestine, partitioned into Arab state and Jewish state. Civ. War on May 14, 1948, new state of Israel formed, recognized by US. A. ) Nationalism-powerful force-people identify themselves as a citizen of a country, not just of a local region or class. Began in 19 th century; united citizens for gov't's goals. - belief developed in modern times that world is divided into culturally distinct groups, which deserve to be independent. - nation has special destiny which must be pursued. - gov " ts shape concept of nation that appeals to populus.

Anti-colonial most. Usually begins among literary elite-I. D. roots of nation in language, folk customs, heritage. European innovations fostered nationalism "vehicles of resistance" against Western domination: printing press provided increased dispersion of ideas, missionary schools produced people educated with European political ideas. Positive: source of solidarity, cultural nationalism - pan-Arab, pan-African undermine colonial rule-fight against common enemy rights for oppressed groups (Indian nationalist most.

Involved fight for rights of Untouchables Negative: colonial divisions in Africa tried to make nation out of diverse groups. Ethnic nationalism - desire for smaller group to have independence-conflicts w / state nationalism fueled Chinese revolution-humiliation of foreign control-nationalists think old gov't should be destroyed to preserve nation-Communists destroys traditional culture (Chinese-"Down w/ Confucius & Sons", Africa- nations based on colonial territory) India: independence from Britain w / nonviolence Germany: racial terms-justify extermination of Jews, Slavs Africa: end colonial rule- struggle to rule new, artificial states created as European colonies, not going back to traditional communities. Nationalism divides as well as unites- What people constitute a nation (All Africans, colonial territories, ethnic groups? ) Difficulty in creating sense of loyalty to nation created from colonial territory. Bloody wars: Algeria, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese colonies) Portugal: was repressive-won't negotiate w / colonies . Economic instability in countries where nationalism led to dictatorial rule (ex. Communist China, most African nations) China: traditional notion of Middle Kingdom/ ethnic superiority helped fuel 20 th cen.

nationalism. Indignation at colonial division-series of revolutions led way to Mao's Communist China. Swept away foreign control & traditional culture. -anti foreign groups like Boxers escalated to widespread nationalist sentiment. 1911 revolution- internal collapse. Middle East: creation of nation-states-mvmt's broke Europe political hold, gave rise to strong states-modernization & economic development. 1960 's-many states (Egypt, Algeria) had gov " ts proclaiming allegiance to more radical transformation of society under "Arab socialism." Oil producing states took advantage of political independence & raise price (revenge on West for economic exploitation). Palestine-Israeli competing nationalisms made Middle East focus of Cold War (overcome Arab divisions).

Something special lost for Muslims: centrality of Islam in public life & ethno linguistic loyalty rather than religion as primary basis of political I. D. State-led programs for modernization were secularizing and Westernizing-Shariah courts, Western legal systems, religious leaders & institutions brought under state control- religious faith relegated to personal domain or margins of public life. Nationalist regimes inadequate to deal w / poverty , population growth. No solution or ability to provide political stability Very few nations won.

The U. S. profited economically, but all European nations suffered from incredible death tolls. Over 10 million people died in the war. The Allies, though they technically won, were thrown into grave debt after the war.

Even those nations who are recognized as victors in WWI suffered from sever loss of human lives and financial resources. Advances in military technology only increased the gravity and tragedy of WWI. Trench warfare, the invention of tanks, submarines, chemical warfare, machine guns and other utensils of death made warfare all the less profitable. Such technology not only made the war bloodier, but also prolonged it, as the armies of both sides were reluctant to make advances against the nearly impenetrable defenses of the opposition. European nations found themselves hard pressed to reconcile their differences after this crisis. Resentment lingered among many of the countries, and the treaties drawn were only sketchy.

This animosity was in part a product of the unfortunately high body count of civilians during the war. Civilian attacks bred visceral hatred in members of European nations at all levels. WWI was a "total war." That is to say that every nation involved was completely committed to fighting it. The stakes in this large-scale clash were higher than ever, and citizens of all countries found themselves drawn into the war in some way or another.

The aftershocks of this catastrophic battle manifested themselves in the form of civil wars in smaller countries - especially Slavic and Balkan nations. The Arab revolt also followed close on the heels of WWI. Citizens of European nations had also been promised a profit of another sort - political progress. This promise was left unkept after the war, as few nations progressed towards more just or democratic societies. The bottom line of WWI is that it provided nations with the first signals of the unprofitability of war. Nations lost more than ever, and were able to gain very little because of stalemates brought about by advances in arms and defense technology.

Hitler's exercise of large-scale genocide and military conquest makes it quite apparent that at least several nations did not learn enough from WWI. Germany was left in dire economic and political situation after the first world war, but Hitler's charisma at the helm of the Nazi movement led many...


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Research essay sample on Trench Warfare European Nations

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