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The Devil and Tom Walker: Human Intent and the Aftermath of It Washington Irving, in writing The Devil and Tom Walker, and Stephen Vincent Benet, in writing The Devil and Daniel Webster illustrate to the reader the consequences of mans desire for material wealth and how a persons motivation for a relationship with the devil affects the outcome of the deal. In these two different, yet surprisingly similar narratives, the authors present their beliefs about human intent and motive. In The Devil and Tom Walker, the story is seen of a stingy man and his nagging wife who were so miserly that they even conspired to cheat each other (128). In the story, one sees a man make a deal with the devil, who in the story is known as Old Scratch, for the sole purpose of personal gain. Tom Walker, seeing only the possible wealth that he could achieve, bargains with the devil and finally reaches an agreement which he sees to be fair.
Tom does not see the danger present in bargaining with such a powerful force for so little gain. There is a note of humor present in the narrative, which adds to the sense of danger that is present making deals that one does not intend to keep. Commenting on the story, Larry L. Stevens notes that This tale, , comically presents the results of valuing the dollar above all else. This story does a very good job of conveying a message to the reader about human values. In the story Tom is seen as a very self-centered man who cares only for himself and his own well being.
He is not even phased when he discovers the remains of his wife hanging in a apron in a tree; Tom consoled himself for the loss of his property with the loss of his wife (132). Tom is portrayed in the story as being typical of many of the citizens who lived in the town, many of whos names Old Scratch had carved into the bark of a tree near the Indian Fort. When the devil shows Tom a tree for a greedy towns person, he fails to see that he is very much like that tree when he looked in the direction that the stranger pointed and beheld one of the great trees, fair and flourishing without, but rotten at the core (130). As time passes after Tom has made his deal with the devil, and he is working as a usurer in Boston, squeezing every last cent out of the unlucky speculators that walked through his door, Tom begins to wonder whether he made the right choice when he dealt with Old Scratch: He thought with regret on the bargain he had made with his black friend, and set his wits to work to cheat him out of the conditions (134). Toms decision to attempt to cheat the devil becomes his downfall.
Tom now begins a routine of attending a Church service and praying loudly for everyone to hear, and he outfits himself with two Bibles which he thinks will protect him to the end. In a great irony Irving tells of how Tom will put down his Bible for a few minutes while he forecloses a mortgage of some poor borrower, and the resumes his reading when he is finished. Stevens recognized this irony and noted that Irving has a keen eye for the ironies and contradictions of human behavior. Irving presents the reader with the difficulty that can arise when intentions are based solely on personal gain.
In the story, one sees how Tom Walkers actions contradict each other in their meaning and purpose. It is seen in the story how Tom walker would show his devotion to the Church and to God, when he was truly only trying to protect himself from when the devil came to collect what was due. Stevens summarized Toms actions by noting that the tale clearly satirizes those who make a public show of devotion while retaining meanness of spirit. Irving does a very good job of demonstrating the ill consequences that can and most likely will be a result of mans lack of caring, and possibly ignorance. Had Tom Walker thought upon the deal more thoroughly, instead of jumping right into it, he most likely would not have suffered the terrible outcome of the deal. If he had realized that the wealth that he would achieve would be useless to him in the end, he would probably be living in his old house, unhappy and without a wife, but at least he would have had his dignity, for he could know that he did not sink to such lows as to give up his soul for a few years of unhappy wealth.
The humor present in the tale does help to add a bit of liveliness to the narrative, keeping it from being completely dreary and having a melancholy-like mood. While the selling of ones soul and the inhumane consequences of greed are significant, they become subjects for laughter through Irving's character portrayals and his use of ironic understatement, insight fully noted Stevens of this, one of Irving's finest works. In The Devil and Daniel Webster, the reader learns the story of an extremely unlucky New England farmer named Jabez Stone, who like Tom Walker, makes a deal with the devil for personal gain. In the narrative, Jabez is frustrated with the illness of his wife, the condition of his animals, and his unproductive crops.
Jabez inadvertently summons the devil and makes a deal with him, stipulating that Jabez would have great success in all his undertakings, and that in seven years time, he would relinquish his soul to the devil, known in this story as Scratch or Mr. Scratch. However when the time comes for Jabez to give the devil what is legally his, he manages to bargain for a three year extension. When that time is almost over, Jabez employs the services of the notes speaker Daniel Webster, who, in the end, wins for Jabez stone his freedom and makes the devil put in writing that no New Hampshire man will be bothered by him again until doomsday. There is one striking difference present between the two stories, and it is a very significant factor when analyzing the outcome of each characters separate bargains. That is the intentions that each one had when they made their deals.
In The Devil and Tom Walker, Tom Walker bargains with the devil strictly for personal gain, without considering the needs of others. He does not see how his miserly ways are ruining him and he suffers severe consequences because of it. In The Devil and Daniel Webster, Jabez Stone signs a contract with the devil to save his family from starvation. He was thinking of others when he signed the contract, and not himself. That is what leads to Websters strong point for his defense of Jabez Stone, Then he turned to Jabez Stone ordinary man whod had hard luck and wanted to change it. And, because hed wanted to change it, now he was going to be punished for all eternity (641).
The story is truly a credit to the true Daniel Webster, as David Peck eloquently noted: The story tapped Americas love for folklore and legend, , it re-created the story of a genuine American hero. A genuine American hero is what Webster is truly portrayed as in this narrative. Peck also noted that The story is praise not only for Daniel Webster, however, but also for his country, for the two are inextricably intertwined. This story also hints to the fact even though people may seem to be cruel and hard on the outside, they can be truly caring and compassionate. The political and spiritual lessons to be learned from The Devil and Daniel Webster are those which are very important to the existence and survival of every human being alive today.
Both The Devil and Tom Walker and The Devil and Daniel Webster both are beautifully written masterpieces of American literature that will undoubtedly be cherished for generations of readers to come. This beauty comes from each authors uniquely different American heritage which adds a certain flavor to each of the works. This is all summed up by Edward Wagenknecht in his Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed, in reference to the book in which The Devil and Tom Walker was published: The Devil and Tom Walker is, , the finest narrative in this part of the book. Works Cited Adventures in American Literature. Ed.
Fannie Safier et al. Athena Edition. Austin: Holt, 1996. Benet, Stephen Vincent. The Devil and Daniel Webster. in Adventures in American Literature.
Ed. Fannie Safier et al. Athena Edition. Austin: Holt, 1996. 635 - 643.
Discovering Authors. Macintosh. CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1993.
Irving, Washington. The Devil and Tom Walker. in Adventures in American Literature. Ed. Fannie Safier et al.
Athena Edition. Austin: Holt, 1996. 128 - 135. Masterplots II: Short Story Series. Ed. Frank N. Magill.
Vol. 2. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1989. Peck, David. Masterplots II: Short Story Series.
Ed. Frank N. Magill. Vol. 2. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1989. 575 - 578. Stewart, Larry L.
Masterplots II: Short Story Series. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Vol. 2. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1989. 579 - 581.
Wagenknecht, Edward. Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed. Oxford UP. 1962. 233. in Discovering Authors. Macintosh.
CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1993. 3.
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