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... million old Bolivian pesos (3. 07 bolivianos equal U. S. $I; 1990). The Banco Central de Bolivia is the sole bank of issue. Several state-owned development banks provide investment credits to small mining and agricultural operations. Foreign and domestic private financial institutions also operate in the country.
Political Instability The period after 1930 was marked by further internal strife. In that year, a revolution overthrew President Hernando Sites, who had governed for two years without convening the national legislature. Daniel Salamanca, elected president in 1931, was overthrown in 1934 by a clique under Vice President Tedjada Sorzano, who in turn was ousted by a military junta led by Colonel David Toro. Toro was largely successful in his attempts to extricate the country from the desperate conditions resulting from the world depression and the Chaco conflict with Paraguay. He made enemies, however, in influential quarters and in 1937 he was ousted by a group led by Lieutenant Colonel German Busch, chief of the general staff.
In 1938, during Busch's second term as president, a new constitution was abolished. Busch abolished the new constitution in April 1939, however, and set up a totalitarian state. Four months later he was found dead of a bullet wound, an alleged suicide. General Carlos Quintanilla, who then assumed the presidency, restored the I 938 constitution, and stated that the army would exercise control until new elections could he held. In 1940, General Enrique Pearanda was elected president, and on April 7, 1943 during World War II, he announced state of war against the Axis powers In December 1943, Pearanda was ousted in a coup staged by the National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, or MNR), a party that included pro-Axis sympathizers. The new government, headed by Lieutenant Colonel Gualberto Villarroel, was compelled by economic pressures to maintain good relations with the Allied power.
Villarroel headed a totalitarian regime until he was overthrown and killed in July 1946. The government continually faced opposition from both left and right, and after the discovery of a Communist plot early in 1950, the Communist party was outlawed. Rule by Army In the ensuing two years, the military government succeeded in instituting reforms in tin-mining operations, including reopening the industry to private and foreign investment. Barrientos, who was elected to the presidency as a civilian in July 1966, was forced, however, to depend heavily on armed force to put down Communist-led guerrilla movements concentrated in the mountainous mining regions. The Bolivian army reportedly smashed the rebel forces in October 1967, in a pitched battle near the village of Vallegrande. Che Guevara, aide to Cuban Premier Fidel Castro, was captured in that encounter and executed shortly afterward.
Barrientos was killed in the crash of a helicopter in April 1969 and a series of short-lived governments followed, most led by military men. General Juan Jos Torres Gonzales was overthrown by Colonel Hugo Banzer Sure in August 1971. The Banzer regime moved from an relatively moderate position to full military control in 1974. Banzer stepped down in 1978, pending restoration of civilian government, but elections in 1979 and 1980 were each followed by renewed military intervention. By 1982, the countrys earnings from tin production had declined, and foreign debt continued to rise. The illegal export of cocaine was thriving, and the U.
S. was pressing Bolivia to take decisive steps against the drug traffic. In October 1982, Hernn Sites Zuazo was declared as president; he faced several cabinet problems and was unable to resolve problems brought on by international banks After an inconclusive popular election, Congress chose Victor Paz Estenssoro as president in August l 985. His governments attempts to cut down coca production and the sale of cocaine, aided by a contingent of U. S. troops from July to November 1986, were only partially successful and very unpopular.
Jaime Paz Zamora, who finished third in the popular election of May 1989, became president of Bolivia in August after winning a congressional runoff. The next presidential elections, held in June 1993, were won by mining entrepreneur Gonzalo Sanchez de Load. People The population of Bolivia (1989 est. ) was 7, 193, 000. Population density was any about 7 per sq.
km (about 17 per sq. mi), one of the lowest in South America. Roughly 55 % of all the people are Native American, and about 30 % are mestizo, or mixed blood. The remaining inhabitants are white, mainly of Spanish descent.
About 51 % of the people live in rural areas. The official languages of Bolivia are Spanish and two Native South American languages: Quechua and Aymara; about 40 % of the Native American population speaks no Spanish. Roman Catholicism is the religion of the great majority of the population Education Primary education is nominally free and compulsory for children between the ages of six and 14, but the public schools, though increasing in number, do not meet the needs of Bolivia, which has an illiteracy rate of nearly 35 %. In the late 1980 's about 888, 200 pupils attended primary schools, some 211, 500 attended secondary schools, and about 97, 200 were enrolled in institutions of higher education. Bolivia has ten universities: at Sucre, La Paz (two), Cochabamba, Llallagua, Oruro, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tariff, and Trinidad. Saint Francis Xavier University (1624), in Sucre, is one of the oldest in the Americas.
The University of San Andr's (1830), in La Paz, is the largest university in Bolivia with a student enrollment of Culture In dress, language, architecture, and life-style, the large Native American population follows the ways of its ancestors with an admixture of modified Spanish traditions. Clothing is colorful and suited to life in high altitudes. Holidays and religious festivals are celebrated by dancing and festivities. The Spanish-speaking population, which is largely European in ancestry, and is educated and better off economically, has adopted some of the Native American customs but generally follows Western Transportation and Communication The total Bolivian railroad tracks span about 3640 km (about 2260 mi). Railroads connect the landlocked country to ports on both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The principal line connects La Paz with the free port of Antofagasta, Chile.
About 40, 990 km (about 25, 470 mi) of roads exist in Bolivia; only a few are hard-surfaced, and many are passable only in the dry season. The national airline, Lloyd Are Boliviano, provides regular air service to the major Bolivian cities, with other Latin American countries, and with the U. S. About 14, 000 km (about 8, 700 mi) of rivers are navigable by small boats.
About 3, 939, 100 radio sets, 447, 500 television receivers, and 182, 400 telephones were in use by the late l 980 's. Bolivia has Labor Bolivia's labor force exceeded 1. 7 million in the late l 980 's. Nearly the entire non-farm labor force is organized, most of it in unions belonging to the Central Opera Bolivian (COB), the central labor federation. Peasant unions were established after the Important People In May 1951, the exiled MNR leader Victor Paz Estenssoro won nearly half the presidential election vote. Because no candidate had a clear majority of the vote, election of a president from among the three leading candidates fell to Congress. In order to prevent the election of Paz, the incumbent president, Harrique Urriolagoitia, placed the government under the control of a military junta and resigned.
General Hugo Ballivin was appointed president, but in April 1952 his government was overthrown by the MNR, and Paz returned from exile to assume the presidency. The Bolivian government embarked on a pro-labor, anti-Communist program, the key features of which were the nationalization of tin mines, the redistribution of land from seized estates, and the diversification Of the economy. Throughout the 1950 's and into the 1960 's, the Bolivian economy suffered from a steady drop in world tin prices and from inflation. The tin mines proved consistently non-profitable; government efforts to reduce the size of the force employed in the mines and to restrain wage increases met with resistance from on that extended the economic authority of the government and permitted the reelection of an incumbent president. Paz was reelected in 1964, but many of his earlier supporters left him, charging that the MNR was less reformist, and more oppressive than it purported to be.
Also, the government policies proved generally ineffective in meeting the existing economic problems. Paz was overthrown in November in the aftermath of an uprising by miners, and the leftist unions. The Bolivian constitution prevented the reelection of Paz in 1956, but Vice President Hernn Sites Zuazo won the election as the MNR candidate; the result of this election was a continuity of policy. Paz was reelected in 1960 and in the following year pressed for the adoption of a new constitution and his government was succeeded by a military junta headed by his former vice president, Lieutenant General Ren Barrientos Onto. There are not many other well known people to speak of. Holidays The people who are in Bolivia are 95 % Roman Catholic.
Because of this, they have the same religious holidays as American Christians. As far as national holidays are concerned, they have theyre independence day on the 6 th of August, 1825 from Sports One of Bolivia's favorite pastimes is soccer. They have competed in many international championships. Although the most exciting chapter of Bolivia's history was written on summer 1994, soccer in Bolivia did not begin the day the national team took to the field in the first World Cup qualifying game in July 1993. Soccer has much deeper roots in Bolivia where it is nothing less Sharing borders with the two-time World Cup champion Argentina, and four-time World Cup champion Brazil, Bolivia's passion for soccer and its style has resulted in numerous victories in international competition dating back to the South American Championship in 1962.
Victories came in the 1957, 1979 and 1993 Paz del Chaco Cups, but the proudest moment came in 1963 in the America's Cup, the continents most important soccer tournament. Bolivia won the Cup by beating Brazil in the final game. Over the years, Argentina. Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay have won this prestigious tournament. Bolivia had the privilege of being among the thirteen nations who participated in the very first world Cup tournament in Uruguay in 1930. Bolivia returned to the World Cup action by invitation in 1950 and during World Cup victories in the Eliminatorias of 1994, marked Bolivia's first ever qualification for the World Cup Finals.
Many teams founded in the early days continue the tradition of Bolivian soccer today. The Strongest, founded in 1908, is regarded as a national treasure and has won many Bolivian national championships. The most successful team today is Bolivar, founded in 1925. Other clubs of note include Wilstermann (1947), Oriente Petroleum (1955), Blooming (1946), and San Jose (1942). Each club has won the national championship at least once and has participated in the "Copa Libertadores de America. " Bolivian soccer has had more than its share of heroes. In The late 1920 's And 1930 's, Mario Alberta was remarkable wing who competed in the first World Cup.
In the 1940 's and 1950 's, the greatest Bolivian player was midfielder Victor Agustin Ugarte. In the 1960 's and 1970 's, the Bolivian team was anchored by the likes of Wilfredo Camancho, who symbolized Bolivia's clutch performances on the way to victory in 1963 in Americas Cup, and Ramiro Blacutt, who played for Bayern of Munich. During the 1980 's, outstanding players included Erwin Romero, Carlos Arngones, Carlos Borja, and Milton Mega. Today, young Bolivians idolize the heroes of the 1994 World Cup qualifying round: Marco Antonio Etcheverry (El Diablo) and Bolivia is an up and coming force in soccer, whose future rests with a very talented bunch of young players. Bibliography: 1. "Bolivia" Encarta 95 c. 1995 Internet www. country-info/Bolivia / sports /soccer 2081.
html 3. My aunt and uncle Carol and Donald As well as my newly adopted 2 yr. old cousin from Bolivia, Jamie
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