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Example research essay topic: Santa Cruz Revolutionary Movement - 2,024 words

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Geography Bolivia is bounded on the north and east by Brazil, on the southeast by Paraguay, on the south by Argentina, and on the west by Chile and Peru. Bolivia, along with Paraguay, is the only South American country without direct access to the sea. Going in the northern-southern direction the maximum length of Bolivia is about 1530 km (about 950 mi); its width, in an eastern-western direction, is about 1450 km (about 900 mi). The area is 1, 098, 581 sq. km (about 424, 165 sq. mi), making it only fifth in size (after Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Colombia) of all South American countries.

Land The main physical feature of Bolivia is the Andes Mountains, which extend north to south across the western part of the country. On the west, near Chile, is the Cordillera Occidental, or western range, and on the northeast is the Cordillera Real, the main range of the Andes. The Cordillera Real contains some of the highest Andean peaks, notably Ancohuma (6550 m/ 21, 489 Regions Bolivia is divided into three distinct regions: the Altiplano; the yugas, a series of well watered and forested valleys embracing the eastern mountain slopes and valleys; and the llanos, or the Amazon-Chaco lowlands. The Altiplano is about 800 km (about 500 mi) long and about 130 km (about 80 mi) wide and lies between the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Real. The northern part, where the bulk of the population and industry of Bolivia is found, is Lake Titicaca, the highest lake in the world.

Stretching east and northeast from the mountains are the Amazonian plains containing large grassy tracts and dense tropical forests. Much of this region becomes swampland during the wet season (December through February); large areas, however, lie above the flood line and are rich grazing lands. In the southeast, separated from the Amazonian plains by the Chiquitos highlands (about 1070 m/ 3500 ft) are the dry, semitropical plains of the Chaco. Rivers In the northern valleys and plains, the draining system consists of the Beni River and its main partner, the Guapor River, which forms part of the boundary with Brazil; and the Major River. The Pilcomayo River, the chief river of southeastern Bolivia, flows through the Chaco to feed the Paraguay River, thus eventually draining into the Ro de la Plata. The Desaguadero River, outlet for Lake Titicaca, feeds Lake Poop (not poo poo) to the southeast.

Climate Although entirely within the tropics, Bolivia, as a result of its different elevations, has a wide range of climates. In the higher regions, the climate is cool and dry, but generally good in spite of the cutting winds, the thinness of atmosphere, and the daily extremes of temperature. In the lower region, the climate is warmer. The mean annual temperatures range from about 8. 3 C (about 47 F) in the Altiplano to about 26. 1 C (about 79 F) in the eastern lowlands. Plants and Animals Because of the many variations in elevation, plant and animal species of nearly all climactic zone are found in Bolivia.

A coarse grass grows on the largely barren high plateau in the west. The llama, found chiefly on the Altiplano, is an efficient beast of burden. Alpacas and vicuas also inhabit the plateau, along with monkeys, pumas, jaguars, armadillos, and a variety of reptiles, birds, and insects that are found predominantly in the tropical Amazon Basin. Important Products Deposits of metallic ores are large and varied. Mineral resources include tin, lead, silver, copper, antimony, zinc, sulfur, bismuth, gold, and tungsten. Salt, petroleum, and natural gas are also found.

The soil of certain regions, mostly the valleys east of Santa Cruz (the yugas), is extremely fertile. The yearly output of hydroelectric plants in the late 1980 's amounted to 1. 1 billion kwh, Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry Farming is extremely important to the Bolivian economy, employing nearly half the labor force and accounting for about 23 % of the annual domestic products. Bolivia's agriculture suffers from old farming methods, uneven population distribution, and inadequate transportation. Although, it's now self-sufficient in the production of sugar, rice, and meat, Bolivia must still import certain foods. The main Bolivian crops are potatoes sugarcane, cotton, coffee, maize, rice, and wheat; a major share of farm income comes from the illicit growing and processing of coca leaves, the source of cocaine. Fishing is a relatively unimportant industry in Bolivia.

The lack of transportation has prevented large-scale exploitation of wealth in the Bolivian forests, which cover more than half of the countrys area. Mining, Manufacturing, and Trade Mining, a major industry in Bolivia, was delayed in the late l 980 's by weak prices in world markets. Bolivia has long been one of the world's leading producers of tin. In 1952, its three major tin-mining operations were put under the Corporation Mineral de Bolivia (COMIBOL). Most of the tin mines are located in the vicinity of Oruro; the annual output of tin in the late 1980 's was about 7000 metric tons.

Also mined are tungsten, lead, zinc, copper, and silver Petroleum and natural gas production increased in importance in the 1960 's and early 1970 s; by the late 1980 's Bolivia was virtually self-sufficient in petroleum. Manufacturing enterprises are on a small scale; industry accounts for about 11 % of the gross domestic product and employs 9 % of the labor force. Sugar refining, leather working tobacco processing and the manufacture of cement, chemicals, paper, furniture, glass, explosives, and matches are key industries; more than two-thirds of all manufacturing is in La Paz Bolivia has long been dependent on mineral exports. Natural gas accounted for 36 % of export earnings in the late l 98 O's, and tin provided 13 %. Silver, antimony, lead, copper, zinc, tungsten, coffee, and sugar are also important exports. Imports consist mainly of machinery, motor vehicles, electric equipment, and manufactured goods.

In the late 1980 's annual imports totaled about $ 730 million, and exports about $ 724 million. The United States, Argentina, and Brazil are Bolivia's main traders Important / lnteresting Places The constitutional capital of Bolivia is Sucre (population, 1988 estimate, 95, 635); La Paz (1, 049. 800), the largest city, is the administrative capital. Other important cities are Santa Cruz (1987 estimate, greater city, 577, 800), a major trade center; Cochabamba (1988 estimate, 377, 259), in a fertile farming region; Oruro (195439), in the mining district; and Potosi (114092), History The territory of Bolivia, a part of the ancient empire of the Incas, was conquered in 1538 by Hernando Pizarro, younger brother of the Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro, who subdued Peru, heart of the Inca Empire. Within the next 40 years, Spanish settlements were formed at Sucre, Potosi, La Paz, and Cochabamba, and numerous silver mines, in which The Native American population was compelled to labor, were opened. For some 200 years, the area, known as the Audience of Charles, was one of the most prosperous and populated centers in the Spanish colonies; Potosi may have been the largest city in the Western Hemisphere. The area began to decline in the 18 th century.

and by the end of it, the mining industry was in a Revolts in 1809 led to the Wars of Independence. Bolivia declared its independence on August 6, 1825, and took the name Bolivia on August 11. A constitution drafted by the South American revolutionary leader Sign Bolivar, was adopted by a congress at Chuquisaca in l 826. It put supreme authority in a president chosen for life From the beginning of its national existence, Bolivia was in chronic revolution and civil war. The first president, General Antonio Jose de Sucre, was expelled from the country after holding office for only two years. For a while (1336 - 39), Bolivia was in a confederation with Peru, but a Chilean invasion brought an effective end to it, increasing the turbulence.

Short wars and disputes Boundary Disputes By treaties made in 1866 and 1874 regarding the disputed Atacama Desert, famed for its rich nitrate fields, the 24 th parallel of south latitude was adopted as the Chile-Bolivia boundary line in that region. In addition, various customs and mining concessions in Bolivian Atacama were granted to Chile. Disputes came between the two countries over the provisions, and in 1879 Chile seized the Bolivian port of Antofagasta. In the resulting struggle, called the War of the Pacific, Bolivia and its ally Peru were defeated by Chile. Bolivia was stripped of its one seacoast possession becoming a landlocked country. A dispute with Brazil concerning the possession of the Acre region was settled in 1903, with a bargain of about 180, 000 sq.

km (about 70000 sq. mi) to Brazil in return for a money indemnity and small territorial compensations elsewhere. The Bolivian government then became involved in boundary disputes with Argentina, Peru, and Paraguay. A peaceful solution of the dispute with Argentina was reached in 1925. Peru and Bolivia settled disputes over the peninsula of Copacabana by appointing in the l 93 O's a joint decision to decide the border. The Paraguay-Bolivia boundary dispute arose over the Chaco Boreal, a low region lying north of the Paraguay river and west of the Paraguay River and extending to the undisputed boundary of Bolivia.

Both Bolivia and Paraguay claimed the entire territory. In July 1932, an undeclared war broke out. A peace treaty was signed in July 1933. Since the founding of the United Nations in 1945, Bolivia has desired that the General Assembly consider its want to regain a seaport on the Pacific coast and has also approached the matter before the Organization of American States. Chile, opposing Bolivia's ambitions, alternatively declared Arica a free port in 1953 and granted Bolivia special customs and warehousing areas. Government Bolivia is a republic governed under a constitution passed in 1947.

For purposes, the republic is divided into nine major political divisions, called departments: Santa Cruz El Beni, Tariff, Potosi, La Paz, Chuquisaca, Paid, Cochabamba, and Oruro. The Executive Executive power is put in a president and vice president, elected for terms of four years by direct popular vote of married persons over the age of 18 and single persons over 21. Neither can be reelected to an immediate succeeding term. The president appoints the cabinet.

Among other presidential powers, is the right to rule by decree. Health and Welfare Health conditions are poor in Bolivia. In the mid- 1980 's the country had one physician for every 1600 inhabitants. The infant mortality rate is among the highest in South America; malaria, dysentery, and tuberculosis are common, and there was a serious outbreak of yellow fever in the late 1980 's.

Medical services and hospitals are particularly inadequate in rural areas. Bolivia has a comprehensive social insurance plan, but it covers less than half the working people. Legislature The Bolivian congress is composed of a senate of 27 members (3 from each department) and a chamber of deputies of 130 members. All are elected for 4 -year terms. Political Parties The principal political Parties are the National Revolutionary Movement of the Left (MNRI), and National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN).

Local Government Bolivia is divided into nine departments administered by prefects appointed by the President. Each department is divided into provinces administered by sub prefects appointed by the president. Important cities and towns have popularly elected councils. Judiciary and Defense Justice is administered by the supreme court, which is composed of l 2 members elected by the congress to 10 -year terms, and by district and local courts. Military training is common, but in practice only a small percentage of those registered for service are drafted.

In the late 1980 s, the combined strength of the armed forces was 28, 000. Economy Although many of the largest mining operations were nationalized during the 1950 's, successive Bolivian governments have encouraged private industrial development and actively sought foreign investment capital. Annual budget figures for the late 1980 's show revenues and expenditures balanced at about $ 2. 9 billion. Currency and Banking The basic unit of currency is the boliviano equivalent to I...


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