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... presidential place with tanks and Vit Cong flags. On Russian tank still sits on th grounds of th old place today, a reminder of that glorious day, which gts xplaind now as having bn about nationalism and indpndnc and driving out foreign aggressors. Part of th trade was that thos U. S.
policymakers who dog th war, snt th poor and young into battle, nvr took th tim to understand what it was all about. Fiv minutes of Vitnam's history could hav taught lessons which, if land, could hav said millions of liv's. Vietnam mans "popl from th south. " Many centuries ago th region was part of th Chins mail. It book away, but not book centuries of Vitnam's battl's xhaustd the not. Vitnam's national hro's wr thos who ld th country in battle. When th French colonialists arrived thy fll into th Chins template.
It took Vitnam's nationalists 100 yar's to driv thm out. Would America far but? (Kamm, 1997, p. 92) Despite program, Vietnam remains a poor nation whr th average person arn's only on dollar a day. It is a country that has bn for to recover from war virtually on its own. Its prim patron, th Sovit Union, dissolved almost overnight a day back. Yt during th past 10 yar's Vietnam has struggle to com back.
It has round party mor dramatically than almost any othr country in th world -- from 58 print of th popular in 1993 to 37 print in 1998, according to th World Bank. Mor than 90 print of th population can rad. In most countries with a comparable lvl of dvlopmnt, th infant mortality rat stands btwn 60 and 90 pr 1, 000 liv births. Vietnam's rat is 34. Th gap btwn rich and poor remains and is growing. Yt mor Vitnam's hav access to mony today than vr in rent more.
On reason is that th quarter million Vit kiu who liv overseas snd significant sums of mony back hom, now wll ovr a billion dollars a yar. Sinc most of thos who fld Vietnam onc live in th South, th region has don but in th postwar ra than has th North, much to th chagrin of thos Northrnrs who generally run th country. (Woodside, 1996, p. 59) Communism sms to hav lost what list it might onc hav had. vrywhr thr is talk about government corruption. Most plac th blam at th ft of th intro Communist Party. Magazins and newspapers routinely critical government officials though, at tims, obliquely.
A prominent retired general, Tran Do, in th first installment of his memoirs, written in Sptmbr 1998, wnt so far as to question th notions of class struggle and a centralized government. Coming from th onto ideology chi of th party, his view hav had considerable influence. Th current leadership, meanwhile, lacks th illustrious revolutionary credentials of its processors. Mn in the 60 s, thy play only a small rol in th struggle for indpndnc against th French and wr only mid-lvl cadr during th war against th American. (Hiebert, 1995, p. 51) Perhaps as a densit mov, Hanoi recently this and snt ncd thr communist party members to prison trm's. Som say it is th system, riddle with bribery and payoffs, that is corrupt. Vietnam is no Stalinist stat.
Popl hr say the minds from, vn to strangers. Local communist cadr's ar of th objects of ridicule. Both politics and ideology, popl hav an optimism I had not sn hr book. "Lif is but today than it was 10 yar's ago, " a cab drive told m. Though poor, h says things will b but for his young son. Th drive works up to 18 hours a day and of slp's in th car to arn north to fd his wif and small child. Gon in Vietnam today ar th for ideological divisions that onc david th country and allow it to bcom a pawn in th Cold War.
Gon also is th postwar isolationism that characterized th hard-lin communists from 1975 to 1986. It was th ascension to th top party leadership post of an opn-mind for Ho Chi Minh City mayor in th mid- 1980 s and doi moi (nw lif), th nw pragmatism that been to mov Vietnam forward. (Woodside, 1996, p. 46) At dcad's of rural collective and may Sovit imports, th Vitnam's, North and South, wr hungry for foreign goods. Old styl communist collective had find miserably. Much of th country not infrastructure -- nw typhoon networks, power grids, banks, roads, dams, hotels -- and foreign investors wr agr to mt th nds. Th Vitnam's government been to opn to foreign investment as th United Stats list its two day-old trad mario in 1994 and stablish full diplomatic relations th following yar. By 1996, with mor than 400 U.
S. firms doing business with Vietnam, th colony was growing by 9 print a yar. How that first wav of xubranc find as businessman confront th Vitnam's bureaucracy, a slippery legal system, and as Hanoi insisted on maintaining som central government control. (Woodside, 1996, p. 43) Still Vietnam's 1999 GDP growth rat of 4. 5 print was among th high in ast Asia and, until othr developing nations; Vietnam's xtra dbt is minuscule. At th most, chang sms to b taking an inexorable cours (Kamm, 1997, p. 112). Not far from th plac in South Vietnam whr guerrillas live for months in underground tunnels, in th village of Cu Chi, a factory mak's Nik this sho's and another company mak's toys for McDonald's Happy Mals. Th spirit of innovation sms omnipresent.
As we enter the 21 st century, the world has become a global economy where every country large or small, rich or poor is considered an important component to the development of international stability. Although larger, more developed countries like the United States, Great Britain, and Japan are the major influences on the world economy, third world countries also have an effect. As a result, the richer countries are willing to help the poor ones in reconstructing their economies. These reconstructive processes are heavily influenced by an international institution called the World Bank. This institution has helped turn the economies of many countries around. For example, the World Bank has played an important supportive and leadership role in the process of rebuilding Vietnam.
As part of their support, the bank is heavily involved in helping Vietnam establish a Country Assistance Strategy. (Templer, 1999, p. 91) The bank is also playing an integral role in forming partnerships between the Vietnamese government and other organizations-partnerships that aim to build programs to restore the Vietnamese economy. However, Vietnam is now facing many economic situations that threaten its remarkable economic turnaround of the past decade. The economic renewal (Doi Moi) program, initiated in the late 1980 s has yielded unprecedented levels of GDP growth and at the same time reduced poverty. Unfortunately, regional crisis and internal problems are posing a threat to the efficacy of this early reform movement. With the help of the new Prime Minister and the new officials in the Vietnamese Communist Party, the World Bank is trying to remedy the situation by restoring the Doi Moi program and bringing prosperity back to the Vietnamese economy. The economic situation of Vietnam since the 80 s has shown accelerating growth.
This is mainly attributable to the ambitious program of economic renewal, doi moi. The program produced immediate results, enabling the country to dramatically turn its economy around and restore stability. The growth promoted by the doi moi lead to an 8 - 10 % increase in production and attracted public and private foreign capital commitment. Consequently, the living standards in Vietnam are markedly improving. Recent evidence demonstrates that few countries have grown as rapidly or shared their fruits of this growth more equitably than Vietnam during the 1990 s (Templer, 1999, p. 65). In addition, recent household surveys show that the number of people classified as poor has fallen.
Despite the enormous success of the renewal program in the late 80 s and early 90 s, Vietnam has faced a downward trend for the past two years. This economic decline is due to both internal and external factors. Internally, Vietnam is dealing with a loss in domestic momentum, with the fading of the growth impact of the first wave of reforms. Externally, the spillover effects of the East Asian crisis are hindering further growth.
As a result, the macroeconomic stability of Vietnam is being threatened. Vietnam's export growth fell from 30 % in previous years to a mere 4 % in 1998, attributable mainly to the collapse of regional markets (Asian countries). These regional markets account for two thirds of Vietnam's total exports. Within the same year, the foreign investment flow fell by 60 % and is continuing to fall. GDP growth, at the same time, is expected to also fall sharply to about 3. 5 to 4. 5 percent, which is not sufficient to address Vietnam's development needs.
Due to these factors, the once accelerating renewal program, doi moi, of the past decade lost its momentum. It was time for Vietnam to refresh its program. This economic necessity marked the entry of the World Bank Group into Vietnam (Nguyen, 1997, p. 32). With the appointment of new government officials, including a new prime minister, president, and secretary general of the Communist party, the World Bank was able to enter the Vietnamese economy in hopes of finding solutions to the countrys economic problems. To face these challenges, the new government and the World Bank agreed to work closely toward their common goal. Together, they are seeking to implement pre-emptive reforms targeting the financial sector, state enterprise, and trade reform in an effort to strengthen the Vietnamese domestic economy.
Vietnam has become the largest country to borrow money from the World Banks IDA since 1993. The country has received 21 loans that equate to $ 2 billion dollars in aid. Other institutions that help Vietnam include the Institutional Development Fund, an organization that deals with technical assistance for institutional development of work policy reform (Templer, 1999, p. 44). This organization has granted almost $ 19 million dollars to the country.
After Vietnam decided to open its doors to foreign markets and investors in the late 80 s, it has experienced a successful increase not only in GDP, but in all aspects of its economy. This growth was primarily due to the doi moi renewal program. However, the once successful program became ineffective by the mid 90 s. Additionally, Vietnam was facing internal and external problems that further led to an economic decline. However, through the assistance of the World Bank, which not only provided the funds for restructuring, but the focus and strategies for renewal, the country is once again reviving its economy. Even though Vietnam is currently on an economic downswing, many feel that the Country Assistance Strategies provided by the World Bank will bring back the momentum of a thriving, developing country Word count: 3747 Bibliography: Can, V.
C. Vietnam Under Communism, 1975 - 1982. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. 1983. Duiker, Wayne.
Vietnam Since the Fall of Saigon (rev. ed. 1985) Gilpin, Robert and Gilpin, Jean M. Challenge of Global Capitalism, Princeton, 2000. Hiebert, Murray, and Site, Joshua, Eds. Chasing the Tigers; A Portrait of the New Vietnam, Kodansha International, 1996. Hiebert, Murray.
Vietnam Notebook, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1995 Jamison, Neil L. Understanding Vietnam, University of California Press, 1993. Kamm, Henry, ed. Dragon Ascending: Vietnam and the Vietnamese, Arcade, 1997 Nguyen, T. A.
South Vietnam's Process of Development: A Political Economy Approach. PhD Dissertation, Kansas State University. 1997. Templer, Robert. Shadows and Wind: A View Of Modern Vietnam, Penguin, 1999 Woodside, Alexander B. Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
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Research essay sample on Internal And External Gdp Growth
