Customer center

We are a boutique essay service, not a mass production custom writing factory. Let us create a perfect paper for you today!

Example research essay topic: World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement - 1,599 words

NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
One click instant price quote

... hourly-burly of domestic politics, government representatives and the WTO staff make significant decisions about international trade out of the public's view. It has no written bylaws, makes decisions by consensus, and has never taken a vote on any issue. It holds no public hearings, and in fact has never opened its processes to the public. Its meeting rooms do not even have a section for the public to observe its activities. And its court-like rulings are not made by U.

S. -style due process. Yet the WTO today rivals the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in global importance, because it has a dispute settlement mechanism with enforcement powers. In the basic architecture of the current trading regime, three minimalist GATT principles continue to operate through the WTO. The first is the famous most-favored-nation status (MFN): Products traded among GATT members must receive the best terms that exist in any bilateral trading agreement. The necessity for an MFN clause arises because countries have bilateral trading agreements. So if the United States imposes, say, a 10 percent tariff on product X from country Y, it must use that same tariff on all other members of the earlier GATT and the present WTO.

Today nearly all countries are either members of the WTO or would like to be. Twenty years ago, however, only a minority of nations were GATT members and the MFN concept had more force, because those outside of GATT could not receive MFN treatment except by specific bilateral extension. The annual congressional fuss over China's trade status occurs because China, which is not in the WTO, does not automatically receive MFN treatment. Congress must choose to grant it, withhold it, or subject MFN treatment to special conditions.

In lending China MFN status, the United States voluntarily allows China to receive the rewards of WTO membership as it pertains to trade between the two countries, even though China has been denied membership to the trade organization as a whole. The second GATT standard is called non-discrimination, which demands that countries not discriminate between foreign and domestic products. Goods produced domestically and abroad must receive the same "national treatment" equal access to domestic markets. The third GATT principle is "transparency, " which requires that any trade protection be obvious and quantifiable like a tariff. Finally, in addition to these rules, the WTO has the authority to resolve disputes and to issue penalties and sanctions. Moreover, its jurisdiction has been extended beyond manufacturing policy to include domestic policies that affect trade. (The International Trade Law Reports, 1996, pp 28 - 49) SUSTAINING MOMENTUM: The WTO can now apply to many service industries including banking, insurance, management consulting, and travel the same policies that GATT applied to manufacturing.

Patents, trademarks, and copyrights, the bedrock of national policies that restrict trade in intellectual property, now fall under the WTO's jurisdiction. Investment issues can also be subject to WTO rules when restrictions on investment among countries restrain free flows of capital and goods. Any member country can challenge another's practices and file a claim, which then triggers a formal procedure for resolving the dispute. Panels are established to look at each dispute there have been about 30 established since 1995 and, after several layers of appeals have been exhausted, the findings of these panels are binding. While GATT had a similar process, it did not have the power to recommend and enforce penalties, sanctions, and compensation the WTO panels do, and the signatories to the WTO have agreed to abide by the findings. So far, every country found to be in violation of WTO rules has voluntarily accepted the findings and taken steps to correct its practices. (When a country first rejects a WTO panel's findings, the organization will face probably its most difficult challenge: enforcing a finding. ) Once a special panel makes a decision about a specific dispute, a country found to be in violation of WTO rules has several options, including repaying the aggrieved country for its losses or changing its policies to comply with the panel's findings.

In the event that a nation in violation elects not to abide by its rulings, the WTO allows the complaining party as a last resort to retaliate through the use of counter trade sanctions. T he most far-reaching new power of the WTO is its jurisdiction over national policies that affect trade. This has already allowed the organization to grapple with a wide variety of issues. Including the use of growth hormones in U. S.

beef production; U. S. chicken production methods; India's process-based patent laws that allow its domestic pharmaceutical industry to re-engineer drugs developed in other countries; EU claims that more of its cheese should be allowed to enter U. S.

markets; the way Mexico catches tuna; and Thai, Malaysian, and Indian shrimp harvesting techniques that kill sea turtles. To this list are added intellectual property claims by France over the use of its regional wine labels and Switzerland's assertion that only it can use the Swiss Army Knife appellation. As more nations learn about WTO procedures, such examples will multiply. Although these trade policy reviews have just begun, they offer opportunities to introduce uniform global stipulations into domestic policies, with predictable outcries and controversies. The consequent reports that will emerge are one of the WTO's levers for introducing standards for internal policies that influence trade. Institutionalization Timelines IMROVING LABOR LAWS PLAN FOR BENEFIT OF THE FREE TRADE: Initial Stage Studying and analyzing current laws Propose suggestions Express the ideas Developing new ones Select the most good ones To hear public opinion Transition Stage To figure out how labor relations laws are linked with trade Provide a prove that they are linked Try to show future benefits Institutionalization Stage Revise benefits Promote new laws Implement the laws Goal achieved Continuous re-evaluation, public communication, feedback, recognition and benefits Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug REFLECTION AND ANALISYS: The idea of linking labor rights and trade was included in the Havana charter of 1948.

Article 7 of the ill-fated charter proclaimed that "members recognize that unfair labor conditions, particularly in production for export, create difficulties in international trade, and, accordingly each member shall take whatever action may be appropriate and feasible to eliminate such conditions within its territory. " GATT lacked such a sweeping commitment and only allowed a country to restrict another's exports based on the use of prison labor. The deliberations leading up to the formation of the WTO did not take up the issue of labor rights until almost the last moment. Because the Reagan and Bush administrations were uninterested, the issue did not receive attention until the late fall of 1993, and it only became a factor then because, in order to win congressional support for WTO approval, the Clinton administration needed to regain labor support lost during the NAFTA debate. When the Clinton administration did finally raise the issue of labor rights and trade, the ensuing uproar among Third World delegations forced the issue to the sidelines.

It did not become part of the agreement, but the signatories agreed to take up the matter in the future. This could be construed as either a victory or a defeat, and in fact it was both. Labor rights did not become part of the WTO. But the opportunity for tying labor rights to trade policy is significant, and subsequent maneuvers within the WTO have nudged labor's concerns closer to the playing field. Shortly after the inauguration of the WTO in 1995, the International Labor Organization was commissioned to come up with a program for introducing labor rights into the development of WTO trade regulations. Its draft produced such a firestorm of controversy that it never saw the light of day.

Words: 3 071 (including interview) Interview: 03 / 02 / 2003 Carl Stevenson, Main Executive of WTO research department. Question: Mr. Stevenson, can you tell me a little about WTO research? Carl Stevenson: Over the past several weeks I have tested 50 executives. Now I have a template that graphically shows that a typical opinion of superior executives in our company is that change needs to be done. Question: Why did you undertake this project?

Carl Stevenson: The directors of WTO involved in startups repeatedly say that some of labor laws need to be corrected. They say this from intuition and good experience. My research not only quantifies that intuition but also goes much deeper and broader. Question: Why is this important?

Carl Stevenson: This project it considered very important because if it will be applied successfully the productivity of the company will arise. Question: How receptive have other workers been to your research and findings? Carl Stevenson: Using my sample data I found out that in general, most of the workers agree with this project. Mr. Stevenson, I would like to thank you for taking time to share your insights with me. Carl Stevenson: You are welcome.

Bibliography: The WTO and the Battle Over Labor Standards by Martin Khor, Third World Network published by Third World Network Features January 13, 1997 Handbook of WTO/GATT Dispute Settlement (Pierre Pescatore, William J. Davey & Andreas Lowenfeld eds, Transnational Publishers, 1991. The International Trade Law Reports (London: Cameron May 1996. Looseleaf including decisions of the World Trade Organization panels and the Appellate Body). Law and Practice of the World Trade Organization (Joseph F. Dennis ed. , New York: Oceana Publications, 1996.

Looseleaf service includes Dispute Resolution binders containing WTO panel reports). Interview: with Carl Stevenson, Main Executive of WTO research department. (Date: 03 / 02 / 2003)


Free research essays on topics related to: labor rights, labor laws, dispute settlement, world trade organization, clinton administration

Research essay sample on World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement

Writing service prices per page

  • $18.85 - in 14 days
  • $19.95 - in 3 days
  • $23.95 - within 48 hours
  • $26.95 - within 24 hours
  • $29.95 - within 12 hours
  • $34.95 - within 6 hours
  • $39.95 - within 3 hours
  • Calculate total price

Our guarantee

  • 100% money back guarantee
  • plagiarism-free authentic works
  • completely confidential service
  • timely revisions until completely satisfied
  • 24/7 customer support
  • payments protected by PayPal

Secure payment

With EssayChief you get

  • Strict plagiarism detection regulations
  • 300+ words per page
  • Times New Roman font 12 pts, double-spaced
  • FREE abstract, outline, bibliography
  • Money back guarantee for missed deadline
  • Round-the-clock customer support
  • Complete anonymity of all our clients
  • Custom essays
  • Writing service

EssayChief can handle your

  • essays, term papers
  • book and movie reports
  • Power Point presentations
  • annotated bibliographies
  • theses, dissertations
  • exam preparations
  • editing and proofreading of your texts
  • academic ghostwriting of any kind

Free essay samples

Browse essays by topic:

Stay with EssayChief! We offer 10% discount to all our return customers. Once you place your order you will receive an email with the password. You can use this password for unlimited period and you can share it with your friends!

Academic ghostwriting

About us

© 2002-2024 EssayChief.com