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Example research essay topic: Spinal Cord Sexual Intercourse - 1,690 words

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Syphilis Syphilis is the disease that was known for many centuries. It started to have a very great influence on European sexuality during the Renaissance period. Syphilis became common in Europe after the army of Charles the VIII have spread the disease in France after the invasion of Naples in 1494. (LeBaron) People who were infected were treated as outcasts by the society. Women, who were suffering from syphilis, were especially abused, they were considered to be possibly infected for the reason that the presence of the disease could not be discovered, because their sexual organs were internal and therefore, not visible. There was a belief that women having menstruation were the cause of syphilis. The mostly hated were prostitutes.

The forces of evil were considered the origin of syphilis. (LeBaron) During those days, the spread syphilis was viewed as inevitable disease and there was not cure for it. It was considered as dangerous as today AIDS is. During that time, people have discovered condoms, which were made of animal gut and tied around the penis. Today it is easy to avoid syphilis. There is a broad selection of condoms that should be used in order not to be infected. Besides, if you are already infected it is possible to cure syphilis.

Still, the problem of venereal diseases is one of the most significant issues in the modern sexual culture. For instance, in the United States in 1999 around 36, 000 cases of syphilis were reported. The national rate of syphilis is 2. 5 cases per 100, 000, which is not a very big number. In some southern states, the infection rates are 5 times greater than nationwide ones. Syphilis occurs primarily in persons of 20 to 39 years old. The reported rate for men was 1. 5 times greater than the rate for women.

The highest rate of syphilis was among women aged 20 to 29. Reasons for the high levels of syphilis in certain populations are the lack of knowledge, inadequate access to health care, and in many times poverty. During the last 5 years was the 5. 4 percent decrease in syphilis rates took place. This is primarily due to the avoidance of doubtful sexual contacts by individuals and due to the higher level of protection. It is good that majority of the society possesses knowledge about the risks of sexual diseases. It is considered that a possibility to obtain AIDS have influenced the general tendency of a decrease of all diseases acquired by sexual intercourse.

Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes syphilis. It is a spiral microorganism that needs moisture in order to survive. It has often been called "the great imitator" because so many of the signs and symptoms are very hard to distinguish from the symptoms of other diseases. (Britannica Online) It is 8 to 10 microns long. It has close relative, Treponema pertenue, which causes childhood disease yaws. It is an endemic strain of syphilis and is not sexually transmitted. The chancres and lesions of those two diseases look quite similar, but Treponema pertenue unlike Treponema pallidum rarely attacks the cardiovascular or nervous system and is negligibly fatal. (Britannica Online) Syphilis can be passed from person to person through the direct contact with syphilis core.

Generally, sores occur on the external genitals, vagina, anus, but sores can also occur on the lips and in the mouth. Treponema pallidum can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Pregnant women can pass the disease to babies too. Person cannot be infected with syphilis in any other way. This disease cannot be spread by doorknobs, clothing, swimming pools, and hot tubs. The symptoms of syphilis can occur within 10 to 90 days after the infection, but generally, they are noticeable in three to four weeks.

The first stage of syphilis infection is the chancre. It is a single sore or number of sores that are round or flat. The sore itself could be hard to diagnose, for the reason it can be ether colorless or slightly changed in color, but it will be accompanied by swollen glands after the five week period. Another reason for the late detection of the disease is the deficiency of pain. It is much easier for men to identify syphilis, because their sexual organs are visible. For women syphilis can be found in vagina or on the cervix.

The first stage of syphilis is occurrence of sores at the place where treponema pallidum enters the body. The treatment of sores often does not remove the bacteria. Rashes anywhere on the body are also signals of syphilis infection. The rash can be flat, scaly, bumpy, round, or crater-like. These rashes are often viewed as heat rush and are not treated. Other symptoms of syphilis are headaches, swollen glands, spots of scaling on the feet, and hair falling.

All these symptoms can last for two to six weeks and will disappear without treatment, but the bacteria still will be present in the body. This is the beginning of hidden stage, during which it is almost impossible to detect the spirochete. An individual is no longer infectious, but the spirochete is burrowing into individuals tissues. Approximately 60 percent of never leave this stage. Further 40 percent develop tertiary syphilis, which is the most dangerous stage. During the tertiary syphilis patients may develop serious eye problems, brain and spinal cord damage, which sometimes can result into paralysis, insanity and blindness.

There have been several cases of death following tertiary syphilis. Late syphilis can cause the lack of coordination and severe pain. These symptoms are caused by the spirochete destroying the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Treponema pallidum can cause inflammation of the heart muscle in the late stage. (Britannica Online) As we see, Treponema pallidum is a very dangerous bacterium. There is also light late syphilis, which is very painful but not life threatening. An individual can develop ulcerated injuries of the skin, mucous membranes, liver, testes, and even the brain.

Syphilis can cause very serious complications to baby, who is infected from mother. Baby can have severe complications, such as stillbirth, pneumonia, bleeding, and damage of skin, brain, and bones. The infant can have injuries discovered right after birth or can develop them during the adolescence, when the late stage symptoms usually begin. It is quite easy to discover syphilis. A physician can examine material from a sore using dark field microscopy. If Treponema pallidum is present in the sore, it will show up with a characteristic appearance.

Blood test is another way to find out if the person has syphilis or not. After the infection, the body produces syphilis antibodies that stay in the blood for several months or even a year. These antibodies can be easily detected by safe and inexpensive blood test. Every pregnant woman has a blood test for syphilis, for the reason that infection of a baby leads towards very serious complications. If a person already has syphilis, which is discovered after the infection within a period of one year, it is possible to cure it with a single dose of penicillin one of the simplest antibiotics or by any other type of antibiotic. Penicillin kills treponema pallidum and prevents the development of next stages of syphilis, but it is unable to cure the damage that has been already caused by the disease.

Individuals who are receiving medication from syphilis should withdraw from sexual contacts until the syphilis sores are completely cured. If a person already had syphilis, it is still possible to obtain this disease again. Antibodies that are produced by organism and stay in it for about one year and within this year their level is constantly decreasing. They will not protect an individual of being infected, but they can help to fight the disease together with a medication. There are several ways to avoid syphilis infection.

People who have one constant sexual partner and are both sure of not having syphilis cannot be infected. The main reason of infection is having sex with different partners without proper protection. In order to be protected from syphilis is quite enough to use a latex condom, which should be kept on the penis until the end of sexual intercourse. However, condoms cannot guarantee 100 % protection, because syphilis sores can be found sometimes on the areas that are not protected with condom.

Nevertheless, there is a possibility of getting infection during oral sex, which is usually performed without condom. Some people think that washing genitals after sex will reduce the probability of getting syphilis, but this is not true. Washing is ineffective against prevention of the infection. One of the main duties of individual that has a suspicion of being infected with syphilis, after discovering unusual rashes and sores, especially in the groin area, is to go to a doctor and to stop having sex in order not to spread the disease. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine, which would prevent syphilis infection and there is no opportunity to acquire immunity to syphilis. A person can be infected, can be treated, and then can be infected again and again.

In conclusion, the most effective method to prevent syphilis is to have safer sex by using condom, which significantly decreases the risk of contracting different types of sexual infections. Another way to avoid syphilis is not having sex at all, which would not be a very good decision, therefore, it would be better at least to limit sex partners. Persons with the infection should ask their regular sex partners to have syphilis tests too. As we see, syphilis is a very dangerous disease, but there is number of methods of avoiding and curing it, therefore, it all depends on a person, whether he or she will be infected and properly treated on time or not. Since we have knowledge about syphilis and if we will follow all the rules, we will be safe. Sources: Britannica Online.

Syphilis and the Heart (March 5, 1996) web Jones, Colman. "Syphilis and AIDS: The Deadly Prospect. ) (February 25, 1996) web LeBaron, Garn. Sexual Relations in Renaissance Europe. (March 5, 1996) web


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