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Example research essay topic: Clean Well Lighted Place Sun Also Rises - 2,574 words

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Hemingway's Works Ernest Hemingway was a very talented writer of short stories. He is even thought by many to be better at writing short stories than at writing his novels. He portrays the philosophy of existentialism. A philosophy that is centered upon the analysis of existence and of the way man finds himself existing in the world. He combines this with a code that Hemingway expects his characters to adhere to.

They are, a person must be responsible for their actions, a near death experience is probably as closes to the truth as a person can come, above all else courage, if there is no god, than mans fate is in his own hands, and man must always be active. The first code, a person must be responsible for his actions, is shown in his short stories, The Battler and The Killers. In The Battler, Nick Adams is beaten down into a deformed lonely man because he choose to fight and continue to fight. This quote from The Battler shows that Nick is in bad shape, (Nick) was dead looking in the firelight (131).

In the short story, "The Killers" this code again is portrayed. Ole Anderson, a character in The Killers, did something wrong earlier in his life and he will now pay for it with his life because there are killers out to get him. As this quote shows, Ole Anderson knows he will now die, There isnt anything I can do about it. (287) The second code, a near death experience is probably as closes to the truth as a person can come, is shown in the short story Soldiers Home. In Soldiers Home, Harold Karps grows up in an Oklahoma, God-loving society and then goes to war. When he comes home, he has the will to live.

This quote represents Harold, just sitting around waiting to die, (like) bacon fat hardening on his plate (151) Hemingway's third code, above all else courage, is shown in Hemingway's short story, The Undefeated. In The Undefeated, Manuel, even at his age, shows courage and defeats the bull. In this quote, Manuel displays a courageous act, All right you Bustard! Manuel drew the sword out of the multi, sighed with the movement and flung himself on to the bull. (264) The fourth code, if there is no god, than mans fate is in his own hands, is shown in the short story, Soldiers Home. In this story, Harold Krebs goes to war and he sees a lot of death and sadness that he was never exposed to before, so he lost his faith in God. This is shown in this quote, God has work for everyone to do, his mother said, there can be no idle hands in his kingdom, Krebs said. (151) Hemingway's fifth and final code island must always be active.

This is shown in the short story, A Clean, Well Lighted Place. In this story, a sad old man at a bar was not active in his life and now he has nothing to live for. This quote shows how sad this man is, Last week (the old man) tried to commit suicide (379) One aspect that can be questioned is whether this story has a religious connection or whether it is just a story with little meaning. The main plot of A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is how an old man is suffering from the emotional consequences of the pain of old age. Hemingway contrasts light and dark to show the difference between this man and the young people around him. The old man is deaf and Hemingway cleverly uses this deafness an image of the old mans separation from the rest of the world.

Hemingway concretes this image by having the workers discuss how the old man attempted to take his own life. Near the end of the story with this line: The old man counted the saucers took a leather coin purse from his pocket and paid for the drinks, leaving half a peseta tip. The waiter watched him go down the street, a very old man walking unsteadily but with dignity Hemingway is showing how empty can be the soul of a person. The author shows us the desperate emptiness of the old mans life near finished without the success of its labor. The aggravation of the old mans restless mind that cannot find peace, which is unlimited burden. Throughout the story images of desperation show the old mans existence at a position when he has realized the pointlessness of life and finds himself the lonely object of contempt.

Instantly after one has read this story one can see the religious relations from the beginning of the story. The most obvious image used by Hemingway in this story is that of the contrast between light and dark. The tables were empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind. Maybe the old man hides in the shadows of the leaves because he recognizes the limitations of his light or shelter. One can argue that he is trying to shade himself so his old age and illness would not be visible. Hemingway incorporates the darkness of the mans ears, and how he failed because of them.

The cafe is a Clean, Well-Lighted Place a refuge from the darkness of the night outside. The main symbol of fear, desperation and loneliness would be darkness. The light symbolizes comfort and the company of others. There is hopelessness in the dark, while the light calms all, and gives hope. The regrettable happening for the old man is that this light is temporary and incomplete but is what he is actually waiting for in death.

One may assume that the old man had tried killing himself to bring him permanently into the light. He would then be calm and his life would finally have meaning. This would have graciously ended, what was to him, his unsuccessful life. Hemingway uses the fact that the old man is deaf to further show the audience of how the old man is shut out from the world. The old mans loneliness is empty. The emptiness of a life without progress of meaning is nothing, and this nothing holds on to the old man.

The only escape from this nothing for this old man is the heavenly unending light and delightful joy of being in heaven with god. Hemingway further played out the old mans death through the metaphor of insomnia, a weakness that the old man shares with the older waiter. Insomnia keeps the old man and the older waiter awake through the hours of darkness, just as an insistent life keeps the old man breathing when he would rather rest in peace. When the story begins, the older waiter informs the younger waiter that the old man had tried to commit suicide recently.

The old man is haunted with desperation at his loneliness, the darkness of his life, his separation from the world, and the nothingness that penetrates his existence. The old man wants his death, but it is withheld from him. Even when the old man tries to take his own life, his niece saves the old operates life. Peace is far from the old man, and what little relief he may find is incomplete like the artificial light of the cafe. The old mans last attempt to bring him to rest is to drown himself in whiskey, but that also fails, as he is asked to leave the cafe. The only thing that was left was hope that, as drunk as he is, he may pass out when he arrives home.

This would be his final plea for rest. Hemingway's is known for his Hemingway hero, that was his style of writing which he invented. He got the ideas from other great authors like Mark Twain and Stephen Crane. An example of such a character is Frederick Henry in a Farewell to Arms. Literary critics believed hat the Hemingway hero and Hemingway himself are incapable of thinking, interested in nothing but drinking, whores, and blood. They believed the hero was stupid.

They though the Hero and Hemingway were partly mentally ill. Hemingway disproved this judgment by his intellectual writing, in which he proved that the critics were stupid, not Hemingway. (Reynolds 2) In A Farewell to Arms Hemingway said that the world would break you. It may not be today or tomorrow, but it will break you, and if it cannot break you, then it will kill you. In any event, the world always wins, because it does not play fairly. Einstein said that, Not only does God play dice; but the dice are loaded.

It sums up how Hemingway felt about the world. He knew that no matter how hard you fought, the world would always win in the end. However, nature was a way out. It would not save you, but it could give you a blessing (or a curse) depending on how you look at it.

It makes it so that you do not have to think. Of course, you carry on thought processes, but true deep thought is bound, gagged, and tied to a chair. You did not have to think about your inevitable loss or demise. You could get away from it all, for a short while at least, in essence running, but not hiding. Hemingway's basic themes included Dread of life and death or of overcoming that dread. Another major theme was big-game hunting or War.

He also had themes of bullfighting, which were influenced by his many visits to bullfight in Spain. Hemingway's other major theme was fishing, which was predisposed to him in his childhood. (Reynolds 4) Of course, nature is not limited to being a chronicle of a death foretold. It is something that one can touch. In A Farewell to Arms Hemingway attacked the ideals of honor, valor, loyalty, and other like-minded things. These things, Hemingway argued, were nothing. Honor is incapable of feeding your children.

Loyalty will not keep your wife warm while she waits in bed for you, fearing for your life every night that you are fighting the war. Hemingway put little stock in such things. Have you ever seen a ball of valor, or a bit of altruism? No. His point was that if you stacked those things on a scale with the bodies of all who had been killed in the war, it would not even make a bloody dent in the tipping of the scales. Nature, on the other hand, could be grasped, seen, tasted, and felt.

His first novel was the The Sun Also Rises had a theme of love. It was a story about a love affair that in Paris. The time is aftermath of the War. (Spilka 3) The book was about a group of American and British expatriates from Paris. The book discusses some of Hemingway's basic themes such as fishing and bullfighting. The characters also attend a fiesta in Pamplona, Spain, which creates the crisis in the novel. (Spilka 1) His most famous novel with the theme of love is A Farewell to Arms.

This novel was different from the Sun Also Rises because it was mainly concerned with the phases of the War. The book is based on the collapse of the Italian front, which is considered the depiction of Hemingway's real life. (Hutchinson 1) The love of Lieutenant Henry for the nurse Catherine Berkeley is the sole purpose of the novel. The story of this attachment is poetic, idyllic, and tragic. (Hutchinson 2) Moreover, the story of the love between the English Nurse and the American ambulance officer is compared to Romeo and Juliet, and is believed that Hemingway introduced the new romanticism. (Rovit 5) The Sun Also Rises reflects Hemingway's experiences and beliefs. Hemingway used a conscientious formula in the art of his novel. He honestly worked within his own experiences and developed its possibilities.

His material was created from his experiences, and many of his experiences reflected back on the various settings or times. His other basic theme was war. His characters might not win, but they would die with courage. For Whom the Bell Tolls describes a guerilla fighter during the Spanish civil War.

Although he wants to fight in the war, he is unable to due to his damaged eye. The guerilla fighter becomes an ambulance driver on the Italian Front. A Farewell to Arms and the Sun Also Rises are based on Hemingway's wartime experiences. (Spilka 1) In his final years, Hemingway won a Nobel peace prize for his novel The Old Man and the Sea which he published as his last work. In The Old Man and the Sea Santiago is tragic man can change his decision and stop the conflict, but he always asserts his freedom of choose in order to continue the fight.

Fish, I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends. He decides to force an outcome before one would naturally occur. He is so dedicated to the struggle that he is blinded by everything but the result. Every day he swears to defeat the fish before the day is through, but he never succeeds. This is mainly because nature is simple, violent, untamed, and above all, pure.

Nature cannot be contaminated by the wiles of man, for if it were, then it would cease being nature. For Hemingway, nature was good. It was perfection. It epitomized all that he stood for. Places with the clutter of men invariably led to pain and suffering or death. Hemingway was big on simplicity in his works.

Everything was simple, from his style, to his characters. I think that he likened civilization to a giant machine. The larger and more complex it got the more things it did. However, when something gets larger and more complex, then that increases the chances and the areas that something can break down. That being said, I think that Hemingway believed that nature is a truth. Natures simplicity allows it to be closer to the truth than one might actually think.

All stories and novels of Hemingway were full of regular life events. Hemingway's works are full of existence, of presence, of life. Hemingway's existentialism was seen through all of his novels and short stories. He did not perceive the world in such a way that he should have thought of something not existing.

Hemingway was writing about things that were around him. From the first literary works to the publication of unimaginable amounts of literature, authors have been trying to convey many things throughout Hemingway's works. Hemingway one of the great authors of this literature wrote very important pieces that represent religion, theme, and many other existentialistic messages. At the end of this story, the reader is left with a sense of respect for his or her own successes, whether or not their lives are hopeless or led by fate.

Bibliography: Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1926 Gladstein, Mimi Rises. Hemingway, Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1986 Smith, Carol. Women and the Loss of Eden, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984 Reynolds, Michael. Hemingway: The American Homecoming, Blackwell Publishers, 1992 Hutchinson, Steven. Ernest Hemingway, 1967 Rovit, Earl.

Ernest Hemingway, 1963 Spilka, Mark. Studies in the Sun Also Rises, 1969


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