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Example research essay topic: World War Ii 20 Th Century - 1,646 words

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A Significant milestone in Global History: The Computer Revolution Revolutions, world wars, fall of Communism, global warming, a man in the space, discovering penicillin, radio, TV, phones, computers, internet here are some of significant milestones have had a profound impact on global history. The series of great inventions preceded the wide use of electronic health records and, first of all, the invention of computer. A lot of inventors made a great contribution to the history of computers. It is for sure that a computer is a complex device and is made up of many parts. Each part of it can be considered a separate invention.

The 20 th century is called the era of inventions and rapid development of information systems. In 1936, Konrad Jose presented the first freely programmable computer. It was a unique and expensive thing. There was a great barrier that hampered successful development of the invention. It was the World War II.

Most of all, new technologies were to blame for the bloodiest conflict in history. They were used in the war strategy. Military forces were armored with tanks machine guns, poisonous gas, submarines and airplanes. It made conflicts bloodier and longer. During World War II, British invented a computer for breaking Nazi military codes. It was Colossus I.

After the World War II, in 1946, the first America's digital electronic computer appeared. It was designed by the University of Pennsylvania and was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Later, in 1951, the first computer was sold for the commercial purposes; and till the end of 1953, computers considered to be International Business Machines. With IBM the mankind has entered into The History of Computers.

IBM became the most power producer of computers, controlling 70 % of the market worldwide. In 1964, IBM introduced the OS/ 360, the first mass-produced computer operating system. The first minicomputer was invented in 1965. It was small in size and of low costs. IBM became number one in the personal computer market.

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. With the invention of a personal computer in 1975, IBM gave up its place to the Apple II. The first personal computer was called Altair 8800.

According to Time, it was "the machine that made the revolution, " and was the offspring of Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak. Bill Gates and his school friend Paul Allen wrote computer software and started their partnership well-known as Microsoft in 1975. A year later, high speed computer was presented by Cray Research, Inc. , designed by Seymour Cray. The computer made 240, 000, 000 calculations per second. In 1988, Microsoft and Apple at the same time presented the first Graphic Interface.

The invention of the personal computer was a great breakthrough that had positive as well as negative after-effects. It changed the way people communicate. But what is a computer itself? Modern computers are not only a mechanism that does calculations. A computer is a mechanism which interacts with symbols.

It can accept symbols, store them, modify them, examine them, compare them, construct them, interpret them, obey them (if they express instructions), or transmit them. (Alan, Kay) Most of all, computers can fulfill a lot of different operations in a second. Since last decades the development in technological processes has been continuously changing. There are a great number of inventions in technologies as well as in design. Information technologies have become an integral part of our every day life. There are a lot of providers of new technological devices.

It leads to severe competition among them. There are a lot of different attitudes towards the after-effects of the computer revolution. And the both points of view are right. It is for sure that computers increase the gap between rich and poor, well-educated and uneducated. Later, only people with high incomes and well-educated had access to the "information network." The other harm made with a computer is that people have relied too much on computers.

People dont train their memory and analytical thinking. Instead of it, they stuff their heads with a great number of unnecessary learning. Spending a lot of time in front of the computer makes a great harm to a persons eyesight. The next disadvantage is isolation. Nowadays, it is impossible to imagine any kind of work where computers do not use.

Earlier, employees interacted one with other and with their employers. Those contacts were an essential element of ones social life. At present, workers have to spend a lot of time in front of the computer. It limits personal contacts. Most of all there is a threat of the computerization of industry that can cause great losses of workplaces. But from the other hand, a computer is an opportunity for a lot of physically handicapped Americans to get a job and gave them an access to education.

Proponents are sure that computers have made a great contribution to the development of new technologies. They had a great impact to the improvement of medicine. Precise measurements and monitoring are essential part in modern surgery, blood testing and intravenous injections. Most of all, the former system of making medical records had a lot of disadvantages.

Every time a patient had to fill a new patient questionnaire if a patient went to another doctor. The other disadvantage was with his or her records. A patient was responsible for the results of the tests or x-rays. They must be sent to a doctor before his or her visit. But nowadays personal electronic health records have become popular. It has made the process more efficient and has given quickly and easily access to a patient health records.

Recently, almost 80 percent of companies have been involved in health care technology processes according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The measures were taken for providing patient-privacy protection. Recently, a new 10 -year plan has been outlined by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Tommy G. Thompson. According to the plan a national electronic health information infrastructure in the United States is built. The report of the Secretary was called "The Decade of Health Information Technology: Delivering Consumer-centric and Information-Rich Health Care, " and meant the beginning of a new era of electronic health records (EHR) for Americans.

In 2005, new HHS Secretary Mike Leavitt emphasized that electronic health records would help to reduce medical errors and health care costs. Leavitt said, "This is really about how we maintain health and at the same time maintain the momentum of our economy" According the Archives of Internal Medicine, the Mercury News reports, no computerized medical errors are more frequent than computerized while examining reactions to prescription drugs. Implementation of Electronic Medical Records in Electronic Medical Records helps to avoid harmful medical errors. The benefits of information technology have taken hold all around us, from banks to grocery stores. But Thompsons report states: "The innovation that has made American medical care the world's best has not been applied to its health information systems. " Hospitals' use of EHRs in 2002 was reported at 13 percent; and for physicians' practices, 14 percent to a possible high of 28 percent. Among the reasons for the slow adoption: At the beginning of the 21 st century a lot of Americans were sure that computers are very important.

Yankelovich poll showed Americans were generally sanguine about the dawning Computer Age; 68 percent thought computers would improve their childrens education, 80 percent expected computers to become as commonplace as televisions in the home, and 67 percent believed they would raise living standards through enhanced productivity. (Alan, Kay) Having examined all pros and corns, it should be pointed that though computers are very important nowadays but they make humankind more dependent on them. Take for example our commercial structure. It is impossible to imagine any commercial operation without a computer. But The commercial computer is now about 50 years old and is still imitating the paper culture that came before it, just as the printing press did with the manuscript culture it gradually replaced. (Jason, Manning) So, it is for sure that computers used in workplaces have to be changed as often as possible.

The other problem is computer viruses. By 1988 they had made a great harm to many computers. For less then a year different viruses infected almost 250, 000 computers. Few years later, the first computer virus criminal trial was found out in Fort Worth, Texas.

The plaintiff, a former employee, infected his former company's computer with a virus that deleted 168, 000 sales commission records. A great dependence on information technologies make humans helpless. Their savings and even lives depend on it. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved. So, the Computer Revolution is considered to start in the 80 s of the 20 th century.

Since that time technological progress has developed rapidly. The Computer Revolution opened a new era the era of technology. Bibliography: Alan, Kay. Beyond Cyberspace. ACM 1.

San Jose, California, March, 10, 2001. Jason, Manning. The Computer Revolution Hasn't Happened Yet. U.

S. News & World Report, 2 April 1984. Mary, Bellis. The History of Computers. About.

com. The New York Times Company, 2006. web Thompson, T. G... (2005).

The Decade of Health Information Technology: Delivering Consumer-centric and Information-Rich Health Care. San Jose Mercury News. Land huis, May 24.


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Research essay sample on World War Ii 20 Th Century

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