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Example research essay topic: The Accidental Crusade Spanish American War Part 2 - 1,665 words

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... the genocide of the Spanish Army in Cuba combined with the utter disdain of the American forces had to be stopped. William Randolph Hearst's Journal even published pictures. They showed how Spanish saboteurs had fastened an underwater mine to the Maine and had detonated it from shore. Evidently the appointed illustrator was furnishing the pictures well. For weeks after the explosion of the Battleship Maine Hearst was publishing lengthy stories about horrors in Cuba.

Another paper followed the Hearst's lead and demanded the revenge. The cry "Remember the Maine" was hared everywhere. The US government tried to avoid the war, but the press roused masses to demand war and the proclaimed by newspapers slogan "Remember the Maine" was hear everywhere around the US. McKinley had been seeking to cease fires between Spain and the Cuban rebels, as well as autonomy for Cuba, for months. Now he was being overwhelmed by popular opinion. Public pressure for war continued to grow, which led to more newspaper stories about public pressure, which in turn led to even more public pressure.

With this vicious circle expanding almost exponentially, Congress - and much of the American public - was becoming impatient with McKinley's negotiating. The slogan Remember the Maine" was said in Congress. With this slogan the US Army stepped into the War. The official Madrid also tried to delay the inevitable. But by April, fatalistic attitudes prevailed, and in the face of imminent intervention in Cuba, Spain declared war on April 23. The U.

S. Congress reciprocated on April 25 with a declaration retroactive to April 21 - a step designed to legitimize a blockade of Cuba that began to organize that day. The yellow press, of course, presented the declaration in a very favorable light. As the declaration came, the Examiner was trumpeting The Triumph of New Journalism in stories about the onset of the conflict. The main fault of this triumph is that the opinion published has no element of the public in it. All proclamations were labeled as made by the people, but in fact it demonstrates total detachment from the public.

The people are left without a voice and the will of the people never governs these publications. To the degree the Spanish-American War was fueled by American public that was horrified with the Spaniards treatment of rebellions and demanded to stop them. Many politicians voiced against the war with Spain. They saw that the war could set back reform movements and result in increased corruption.

They understood the role of Hearst and Pulitzer papers in provoking the Spanish-American War to increase newspaper profits and demanded the control of newspapers and press. Congress appropriated money for preparing the nation and the army for war. President McKinley asked the congress for permission to use the military forces in Cuba. But the American army was not ready for the war.

After the civil was the US Army was weak and scattered around the country. And even those disadvantages couldn't prevent America from winning the Spanish-American War. American Army less that in a year defeated Spanish army. That became possible because of several reasons. The Spanish army was assured in it's strength and power by the long history of glorious victories and was underestimating the enemy. In the recent years the US Navy greatly expanded, but the soldier were tired of passiveness.

There was one more factor, very often missed by historians. The Spanish-American War united the South and the North in the battle against the same enemy, and that was the first really effective means for joining the power and soldiers from the South and the North began feeling themselves as the whole. This war also showed that American Navy was better prepared that American Army. Primary the naval victories in the Philippines and Cuba resulted in quick finish of the war. The beginning of the war for the American side was the battle fro Manila in Philippines.

The American Navy was in Hong Kong when they received the message about the beginning of the war. They went off to Philippines, where Spanish fleet surrounded the waters of Manila. On the way to Manila the US ships were painted in gray to make them less noticeable. Then all wooden parts of the ships, that could start burning during the battle, were thrown away. Manila was won without a single victim from the American side. After Philippines were freed from the Spanish army, a tension formed in the relations between America and Philippines.

America was interested in having Philippines under its jurisdiction, but Philippines were already rebellious against Spaniards, and after the Battle of Manila their rebellion turned against Americans. The press, again, played it's role in shaping the outlook of the masses and assured American people, that Philippines was a very good addition to the American jurisdiction. But the war went on and badly prepared for the war US Army was lucky that the Spanish Army was prepared even worse. And even being badly prepared, the US Army had such advantage as very talented leaders.

Theodore Roosevelt was a famous hero of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt with his troops disembarked at Tampa, where he and his Rough Riders distinguished themselves. The attack on E 1 Caney made little headway at first against determined Spanish resistance, but success was finally achieved after the supporting artillery was moved forward to positions where it could place effective fire on the enemy. After the destruction of the Spanish Fleet in Santiago Bay the city Santiago was captured. After six months of battle commissioners from America and Spain met in Paris. At the sum of 20 million $ Spain gave Philippines, Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico to American Jurisdiction.

Before the Spanish-American War began, the US Congress passed the Cuban independence and after the war it was grunted to Cuba. The war had cost the United States $ 250 million and 3, 000 lives, of which 90 % had perished from infectious diseases, not on the battlefield, which makes those losses even more painful and useless. By the end of war the goals of the American Army were achieved. In this war, that started between the United States and Spain American press played the central role. The press is deservedly called the third force.

People usually trust the newspapers, because even knowing many precedents of fabrication in press they tend to believe the official prints. That is the specifics of human psychology, which is widely used not only by yellow press. Yellow press and reputable magazines most often form mass opinion. Such cynical fabrication of mass outlook is never an accidental occurrence but thoroughly planned action. On the example of Hearst and Pulitzer battle we can see the artfully orchestrated scenario, which lead to irreversible war. The American people and two reputable magazines became the toys of the politics.

But the historical battle between two magazines and the resulted war led to the change of the political situation in the World. William Randolph Hearst from Journal achieved his goal and became the first media magnate. The Hearst became very popular together with the Journal after its war insinuations and William Hearst became a powerful figure. It became fashionable for critics of yellow journalism to ignore what the Spanish actually did in Cuba and focus instead on the great newspaper publishers' greed for profits, circulation, and power. Yet the facts are crystal clear: brutal Spanish abuses did take place even though the worst reporting might be distorted, based on unreliable information, or even simply made up. Many historians at the present time argue, if the role of the press was honorable or if it can be blamed for forming the public opinions that led into the Spanish-American War.

The press was the source of those opinions; it reported the growing hysteria, in the process causing it to grow even more. Hearst and Pulitzer's politics made war the only choice. Such newspapers affect the public the same way at the present time. Although today's newspaper readers may think they are more sophisticated, the point can be argued. The Victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898 led to the rapid growth of American authority made it the nation with global interest. In one brief battle America gained the remains of Spanish colonies, which were granted independence.

At the present day many specialists can not agree if the result of the Spanish-American War was predictable for the initiation of the press conflict and can't decide if it was worthy the cold blooded deception, because sometimes even the only right decisions of the politics can be watched by the people through the prism of the Spanish-American War deception. The Spanish-American War was a significant step in the US history. It showed America as the powerful state that equals any other strong country of Europe and taught other countries to carefully consider the US imperial power. Domestically, the America, as it exists today, is the result of the Civil War, but the international situation at the present time is the direct result of the Spanish-American War. This War made America very powerful, which gave very important results along with the support of freedom and democracy.

The result of the fighting was short and significant. The America Navy destroyed Spanish Navy in Manila, Theodore Roosevelt became famous at San Juan Hill and America gained international power. Bibliography 1. Andrew, Christopher, For the President's Eyes only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. Harper Collins Publishing, 1995. 2. Brown, Charles, The Correspondents' War.

Charles Brown, 1967 3. Gould, Lewis, The Presidency of William McKinley. Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1980. 4. Peters, Ralph, Stability, America's Enemy. Parameters, 2001. 5. Trask, David, The War With Spain in 1898.

Macmillan Publishing, 1981. 6. Singer, Bruce, ed. , A Century of News: From the Archives of the International Herald Tribune. International Herald Tribune S. A. , 1987. 7.

Swift, Morrison. Imperialism and Liberty. Los Angeles: Ronbroke Press, 1899.


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Research essay sample on The Accidental Crusade Spanish American War Part 2

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