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Example research essay topic: Taking Advantage Napoleon Made - 1,425 words

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... attend Prussia's absolute control over German affairs. The final straw was Napoleon's offer of Hanover to Great Britain in return for peace. Napoleon went too far this time. Prussian honor was at stake and the army was mobilized on August 10 th, 1806. So, began the Battle of Jena.

The French "battalion square" formation swung 90 degrees westwards towards the Prussian concentration. On 13 October, Lannes V Corps discovered 30, 000 Prussian troops around Jena. Napoleon sent orders for all Corps to concentrate there by 14 October. To cut off the Prussian line of retreat, Davout's and Bernadotte's Corps were ordered to Naumburg and Dornburg respectively.

A Prussian attack led by Lt. General Von Hoeltzendorff was repulsed by Soult's Corps. The Prussian commander, Prince Hohenlohe, had ordered a general assault by 45 squadrons of cavalry and 11 battalions of infantry. Lannes Corps and the advancing Prussians made contact around Vierzehnheiligen and Ney's survivors were pulled out. Meanwhile, Hohenlohe's troops floundered around Vierzehnheiligen and started taking heavy casualties from French artillery. VII (Augereau's) and IV (Soult's) Corps were ordered to pin down the Prussian flank, while V (Lannes') and VI (Ney's) Corps punched through the centre.

The French had lost 5, 000 men - the Prussians: 10, 000 dead, 15, 000 prisoners, 34 colors and 120 guns. The next battle was the battle of Auerstaedt. Davout's III Corps, which was around 29, 000 strong, was following orders to cut off the Prussian line of retreat from Jena. The French, outnumbered, fell back and there leading infantry regiments formed square to repel the Prussian cavalry. Initial Prussian attacks, led by the hotheaded Blcher, were made almost solely by cavalry. The bulk of the Prussian infantry and artillery were still in the rear.

Without infantry and artillery support, the cavalry charges against solid infantry squares did not succeed. However, by mid-morning, the bulk of the Prussian forces were on the field. Davout took a risk and placed 2 Divisions around Spielberg leaving only the 85 th Line Regt to watch Hassenhausen. Fortunately for him, the Prussian main assault was directed against Spielberg. Fierce fighting developed around these two villages. During the fighting around Spielberg, the Prussian commander, the Duke of Brunswick, was killed.

Prussian assaults were repelled. The toll was 10, 000 Prussian dead and 3, 000 prisoners at a cost of 7, 000 French casualties. The main Prussian armies had been defeated. Remaining Prussian forces were scattered all across Prussia. By October 27 th, the French entered Berlin, with Davout, the hero of Auerstaedt at their head. The Battle of Friedland was fought on June 14 th 1807, 30 miles southeast of Konigsberg, present-day Kaliningrad.

Friedland was a masterful engagement, the seeds of which are deservedly credited to Marshal Lannes for his great delaying action on that morning. Friedland was also Napoleon's brilliant battle of opportunity. By his taking advantage of a Russian error of position, Napoleon forced the Russians against the river Alle, destroying them. It was his concluding move of the 1806 - 1807 campaign. Also, he suffered his first major check at Eylau, and finally destroyed the Russians at Friedland, forcing the Czar to sue for peace in the Treaty of Tilsit.

Napoleon then made the first of the three costly mistakes that would end his regime. Napoleon came up with the Continental System, which boycotted all of England's goods. This did not hurt England, because England made rivals with Russia and Austria to take down Napoleon and his reign. Napoleon then made his second costly mistake. This mistake was making his brother Joseph the king of Spain. His brother was considered mentally insane and was a bad ruler.

The Spanish people then turned against him and peasant fighters known as Guerillas fought the French. By the end of this ordeal, over 300, 000 French will be lost. The Czar of Russia refused Napoleons request to stop selling grain to Britain. Then, in June 1812 Napoleon made his third costly mistake and decided to invade Russia. This was a grave mistake because he had already made a treaty with Russia and had no reason to attack. Napoleon came up with the Continental System, which boycotted all of England's goods.

This did not hurt England, because England made rivals with Russia and Austria to take down Napoleon and his reign. The Czar of Russia refused Napoleons request to stop selling grain to Britain. Napoleon took his Grand Army of 400, 000, conquered European countries citizens, and marched into Russia. This was grave mistake. His soldiers were not used to the cold weather. The temperature got to below 35 degrees Fahrenheit.

Instead of fighting the army, the Czar pulled his men back. Before leaving they burned their own fields and slaughtered their livestock. This was known as the scorched-earth policy. When Napoleons army arrived there, they did not have to fight, but they gained nothing because everything was burnt to the ground. Napoleons men had nothing to eat so therefore, they starved.

When Napoleon arrived in Moscow, the countrys capital, the city was in flames. Therefore, Napoleon decided to retreat, but the Czar attacked the army in its worst state. This was the first use of Guerilla warfare. When Napoleon made it back to France, he had only 10, 000 men left out of 400, 000. Taking advantage of Napoleons weakness, his enemies gathered to destroy him. Napoleon was able to raise another army and they met at Leipzig in Germany in 1813.

Although Napoleon was great at land, he still lost. His enemies pushed closer towards Paris until Napoleons general eventually refused to fight. By 1814, Napoleon surrendered. His enemies exiled him to a small island called Elba off the coast of Italy. Napoleon was not done though. The new king of France was pushed from the throne nine months after Napoleons defeat.

Napoleon escaped from Elba and proclaimed that the French will be liberated with his help. Most of the French welcomed him back. He made and new army and stormed Paris. He became emperor again. Napoleons enemies quickly gathered to take out Napoleon again. They gathered their troops in Waterloo in Belgium.

On June 18, 1815, Napoleon moved in. The British army held their ground all through the day. That night the Prussian army joined and together they launched a counter attack against Napoleons army. Napoleon's troops were too tired from attacking and fled. Napoleons reign from where he fled from Elba to where he lost at Waterloo are known as the Hundred Days because it was a hundred days until he lost again.

The Battle of Waterloo was Napoleons last battle before his final exile. Napoleon planned to attack both armies with the aim of splitting and destroying them. Napoleon then ordered his left wing, under Marshal Michel Ney, to attack a brigade of Wellington's cavalry at Quatre-Bras, 19 km (12 mi. ) north of Charleroi. By nightfall on that first day of fighting, Napoleon's armies held the strategic advantage. The emperor had succeeded in placing his army between the advance elements of the armies of both Wellington and Blcher. His main force was in a position to swing either left against the Anglo-Dutch army or right to engage the Prussian forces.

On June 16 Napoleon moved with his reserve from Charleroi to Fleurus. There he assumed command of Grouchy's army and easily defeated the Prussian corps. In the action at Line, Napoleon's strategy was to coordinate his attack on Blcher with Ney's offensive at Quatre-Bras. Early in the afternoon of June 16, Napoleon heard the sound of Ney's artillery at Quatre-Bras. He then brought his force of 71, 000 into action against Blcher's army of 83, 000. Ney lost 4300 troops and Wellington 4700 in the action.

D'Error, however, joined Ney in Frames at 9 PM. The British this time exiled him as a prisoner to a remote island called St. Helena. This Island was off the coast of Africa, too far away for him to return.

He spent six years here writing about his memoirs. In 1821, he died of Cancer. This ended the life of one of the best military leaders in history. He was a brilliant man when it came to battle tactics.

He will be remembered throughout history as one of the best. His law code and some of his reforms are still in affect in Frances government today. Bibliography: Bibliography "Waterloo, Battle of, " Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 web 1997 - 2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. web web Bonaparte, Napoleon Grolier Encyclopedia 2000


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Research essay sample on Taking Advantage Napoleon Made

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