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Example research essay topic: Marx And Engels Political Economy - 2,101 words

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Economic Philosophy-Fredrich Engels Fredrich Engels is one of the most prominent representatives of communistic sights during the pre-revolutionary period and one of the founders of Marxism. Engels was born in a family of the textile manufacturer. Father of Engels, Fredrich Engels, was the supporter of pietism and he aspired to give children religious education. Till 14 years Engels studied at city school, in 1834 he had acted entered grammar school. Beneficial influence on formation of Engels sights rendered his mother - Elizabeth van Haar, who had imparted to him the love to the literature and art. In grammar school Engels excitedly studied history, foreign languages, the German literature, and also he made there his first poetic experiences.

In 1837 under the insisting of the father, Engels not having finished last grade has been compelled to leave the grammar school to devote him to commercial activity. In 1838 father has directed Engels to Bremen for service in trading firm. Being alien to commerce, Engels devoted the most part of time to studying of philosophy, history, the literature, wrote verses, was engaged in music, and was fond of sports. In September 1841 Engels has arrived to Berlin to serve in the army. He was already known for poetic and literary-publicists products (under F. Oswald's pseudonym), has made the libretto of an opera KOLA DI RIENCO.

In free from military service time Engels visited lectures at the Berlin University, strenuously was engaged in philosophy, got acquainted with adherent of Hegel, which were making of Hegel's philosophy radical and atheistic conclusions. The Prussian government frightened with statements of Hegel's adherents, has decided to invite Schilling for lecturing in Berlin University. Engels opposes resolutely against Schilling with the help of articles and brochures among which the greatest popularity had gained the work called Schilling and revelations. In them Engels has publicly declared his atheistic views and criticized not only Schilling, but also conservative political views of Hegel. To irrationality of Schilling Engels had opposed L.

Feuerbach's philosophical views, influence of materialistic sights of which he had experienced. But basically Engels stands on idealistic positions, sharing the theory of consciousness of B. Bauer. At the same time Engels essentially differs from Hegel's adherents with active political activity, understanding necessity of support of oppositional bourgeoisie for its struggle against absolutism. In October 1842 Engels had finished military service and had returned in the Barman. His father, wishing to tear off the son from his considerably adjusted friends, had sent Engels to Manchester where factory Armen and Engels was situated.

His father was its co-owner. On his way to Great Britain Engels in Cologne had visited edition of "The Rhine Newspaper of which he was an active employee within half-year. There Engels had met Marx for the first time - the editor-in-chief of the newspaper, and had organized the further cooperation as the English correspondent. F. Engels in a youth became the revolutionary democrat.

At that time in German philosophy idealistic doctrine of Hegel dominated. K. Marx and F. Engels became materialists. They have rejected prejudiced idealistic view and have taken from Hegel's doctrine only his revolutionary part - dialectics, the doctrine about movement and development. A huge role in formation of socialist outlook of F.

Engels studying position of the English proletariat had played which result was his book Position of working class in England. In it F. Engels was the first who has told, that proletariat was not only a suffering class, he said that his economic situation uncontrollably pushes it on struggle for the clearing, for overthrow of capitalist formation. (Lapides K. ch. 3) Moving to the Great Britain became a significant mark in a life of Engels. Already in first English articles in The Rhine Newspaper he emphasizes, that the Great Britain faces to a social revolution, deciding which force will be proletariat. In the Great Britain Engels finally became a socialist.

He got acquainted with leaders of Chartist movements, cooperated in the publication of chartists The Northern Star, was presented at working assemblies and meetings, and finally became a member of Chartist party. Simultaneously he studied R. Owen's products and his pupils, visits sessions of their socialist clubs. In Manchester Engels got acquainted with a life and a life of the English workers.

Here Engels had got acquainted with the Irish working woman Mary Berne who became his wife subsequently. In the Great Britain Engels finally passes from idealism to materialism, and an essential role in formation of his sights had played products of Feuerbach and the French materialists of XVIII century. Studying of political economy by Engels was fruitful First result of studying was article Sketches to criticism of political economy. Engels had opened deeply inconsistent character of a capitalist society, and had shown apologetics of a bourgeois economic science. Marx had been admired with Engels work and had characterized it as an ingenious sketch of criticism of economic categories. It was one of the stimuli which had induced Marx to engage by deep studying of political economy.

From then between Marx and Engels constant correspondence began. Coming back at the end of August 1844 to Germany, Engels had come for ten days to Paris which he had spent at Marx. This new meeting has served as the beginning of their friendship and close cooperation. Marx and Engels have found out full unity of sights on theoretical questions. They both were already materialists and communists. They had decided together to act against Hegel's adherents, which acted against democratic and communistic ideas.

Result of this plan was their first teamwork Sacred family, or Criticism of critical criticism. Against B. Bauer and the company. In this work K. Marx and F. Engels pawn bases of revolutionary-materialistic socialism.

They subject to shattering criticism sights of Hegel's adherents which denied any practical activities demanded only "critical" contemplation of the world and slighted proletariat as noncritical weight. K. Marx and F. Engels in the name of the real human person of the worker demanded struggle for the best device of a society and the force, capable to conduct such struggle, they saw in proletariat. During stay in 1845 - 1847 in Brussels and in Paris F.

Engels, as well as K. Marx, entered practical revolutionary working-class movement. Under the assignment of "The Union of communists they wrote The Manifest of Communist party in which formulated principles of scientific socialism. Marx and Engels were not only theorists. They were founders of a revolutionary party.

With this purpose they had organized in the beginning 1846 Bruxelles communistic correspondent committee and had called the supporters in Germany and in other countries of Europe for creation of similar committees Engels helped Marx and in journalistic work when the latter started to cooperate with the progressive American newspaper New York Daily Tribune. At the request of Marx, Engels had written a series of articles Revolution and counterrevolution in Germany which have been published in 1851 - 52 and were signed by Marx as he was the official correspondent of the newspaper. This product has played a significant role in the development of marxist tactics of a management by revolution and the armed struggle. In 1851 Engels had started regular occupations with the military theory, and in 1858 with studying of philosophical problems of natural sciences. To the Engels pen belong articles about the Crimean war, about national-liberation wars in India and China, about Italian-French-Spanish war, about Civil war in the USA, about ex-Prussian war, and also a number of articles and notes on military questions for The New American encyclopedia.

Marx thought much of Engels military knowledge and playfully named him my military ministry in Manchester. Engels really became the military theorist of proletarian party. Engels together with Marx has developed strategy of proletarian party in national-liberation movements. Engels promoted formation and strengthening of socialist parties in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the USA and other countries. In works To a housing question, About authority, The Emigrant literature, in letters to leaders of socialist parties Engels combated against not proletarian directions. He called leaders of socialist parties for deeper mastering of the revolutionary theory, for careful development of party programs.

So, Engels has opposed resolutely against theoretical concessions at creation of the incorporated party and acceptance of the Gothic program of the German social democracy. Engels letters on the Gothic program explain and supplement well-known Criticism of the Gothic program by Marx. Theoretical work Engels frequently interrupted in connection with performance of actual problems of revolutionary-practical activities, and also because of personal problems. In 1878 his second wife Lydia Berne has died. She was the sister of Mary Berne who died in 1863. The next years heavy losses had comprehended Marx's family.

Marx's health had sharply worsened. Engels hardly experienced loss of people most close to him and made huge efforts to help Marx. On March, 14 1883 Marx has died. The mightiest mind of our party has ceased to think, the strongest heart which I ever knew, has ceased to beat - wrote Engels in these days. (Carver T. ch. 15) Engels accepted on himself the problem of huge difficulty. It was necessary to make the final text of not issued by Marx volumes of Capital from numerous draft manuscripts and even fragments.

With this work Engels has been occupied almost up to the end of the life - in 1885 the second volume was issued, and in 1894 the third volume of "Capital." Really, these two volumes of the "Capital" is the work of two: Marx and Engels. Besides it, Engels has prepared the third and the fourth German edition of the first volume of "Capital", and also the English edition of the first volume that has demanded from him huge work. Parallel with work considering the "Capital" Engels has created the works that later became classical, marking the further step in development of Marxist idea - The Origin of family, private property and the state and Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy. In it Engels has considerably enriched the Marxist doctrine about a socioeconomic structure, about occurrence and development of family, classes, the states. In conditions when among bourgeois and parts of social democratic intelligence in Germany turn from Hegelianism and a vulgar materialism to positivism was observed, Engels in his work Ludwig Feuerbach began to be observed and the end of classical German philosophy with special force has emphasized class, party character of philosophy. Speaking that, it is necessary to search for roots of all political and ideological superstructures in material, economic basis of a society, Engels warned against vulgar interpretation of this position.

He has opposed resolutely against ignoring return influence of a superstructure on basis of a society. Essential additions to this work are Engels letters on a historical materialism in which the deep analysis of substantive provisions of materialistic understanding of a history is given. However organism of Engels was very ill. He had a cancer of a gullet. In 1894 condition of his health has strongly worsened.

On August, 5 1895 Engels has died. According to his will, body of Engels was cremated and the urn with ashes has been lowered in the sea at Eastbourne (Great Britain). It was Engels favorite place of rest. For all life Engels has written a lot of works and articles. One of F. Engels' works which he has written already to mature years of the political development, The Origin of family, private property and the state is very interesting.

It very precisely shows his sights at formation of the given public institutes in which he sees patent defects by virtue of their further "artificial" development under influence of people which have concentrated in their hands significant riches, by accumulation of those in the dishonest ways (exploitation of less rich and exclusive layers of the population, slaves, a deceit and other means which they used), and in a consequence usurping the government for the further enrichment. The given work is rather interesting especially by that spirit with what it has been written which clearly transfers attitudes to those subjects of his researches, which he examines in the product and as we see from everything that was told above, was one of the basic products of the Marxism, giving ground for creation of ideology which has served in a consequence for creation of the state that was named the USSR. Bibliography: Kenneth Lapides, Marx and Engels on the Trade Unions, Praeger Publishers, 1987; Richard N. Hunt, The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels - Vol. 1, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974; Terrell Carver, Engels, Oxford University Press, 2003.


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Research essay sample on Marx And Engels Political Economy

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