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Example research essay topic: Racial Discrimination African Americans - 2,326 words

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I. Introduction. Negroes of the USA are an ethno racial generality, a part of Americans. There is number 30, 0 million people. Speak on the American variant of English language and so-called black English. Over 80 % of them are protestants (including 60 % of Baptists, more than 20 % are methodologist's).

There are also Catholics, "black Moslems", "black Jews" and others. The problem of racial discrimination always existed and still exists in our world. Maybe the reason of that is our human nature: we like to accept only those who are similar to us even in terms of the color of the skin. African Americans, the newcomers had and have very difficult life. They are still not treated as normal people. The constitutions accepted in southern staffs in 1890 - 1910 have deprived African Americans with many civil rights; have legalized a racial discrimination and segregation in moving and getting of education, on transport and in public places.

Since that time there had been a struggle for rights to be treated as normal people that leads till now. Having decided to learn some facts of this question more thoroughly I chose the book Still have discrimination? by Michel Hogan cause it allows me to learn about the facts of discrimination in our modern world... African Americans are the descendants of the African slaves who came to Northern America at 17 - 19 centuries.

The process of cultural, and then social assimilation which has begun still in the colonial period and happened contrary to interdiction's, physical mixture of Africans with white Americans and Indians have led to that already in the middle of 19 century third of free Negroes and 10 % of slaves were mulattoes, in 30 th years of 20 century mulattoes made 75 % of all African Americans. It is well known that black people were suffering from slave system in their motherland. The countries they lived in became colonies and they were forced to work at the fields for white people. Colonization of Africa began from accommodation there veterans and supporters of Mari and proceeded at Caesar and August.

From the very beginning of a colony were based mainly at coast, on crossing of the main means of communication, in strategically important items, in the centers of the most fertile areas, especially suitable for grain crops. They suffered a lot and decided to come to USA because they had learned that US is a country of freedom where everyone has the opportunity to do what he likes. But after coming to the USA they were very disappointed having found that the conditions for black people are not different there. They still were not be able to have education and job and still have to serve white people in there houses.

Not only adults, but small children were working hard for rich white people. In the past century more than one million of American Black Children under 12 were involved in child labor. They had to do that cause had no other choice. By that time child labour in the USA was quite natural, widespread phenomenon. Due to the extremely low wages, it brought extremely high profit and consequently it was actively used in all branches of manufacture and sphere of services.

There were factories and plants entirely completed with children-workers, and a number of the large companies openly used child labour as the basic contingent of a labour at the enterprises. Juvenile workers was habitual both for capitalists, and for children, and was carried out from the full consent of their own parents. At fathers and mothers were not other choice, but there was a constant need in additional check on a piece of bread. Hands, let even the smallest and weak, should support the "superfluous" mouth, and the child. For hundreds of years people from Africa met only cruelty. A freedom and a life were abducted and on sale.

People were delivered and sorted, weighed, branded signs of trade enterprises and loaded on the ships going in irrevocable traveling. One of the largest migrations in history was also one of the greatest crimes. Travel under decks was a hot, narrow, dark nightmare, weeks and months of an imprisonment, insults and confusions in the unfamiliar and lonely sea. Some people rejected to eat, preferring death to any future which aggressors could prepare for them.

Fallen ill were threw into the sea. Someone rose on furious revolt, as a first approximation carrying out validity on a vessel with slaves. Many cases of disobedience and bravery are known. About innumerable set of other cases well never learn. Those who survived to see the ground again, were exposed, investigated and sold on auctions in the countries of the Western hemisphere. They appeared in societies, indifferent to their flours and prospering due to their no-charge work.

In history of America there was time when each seventh person was the property of another. Under the law they were considered only as the subjects of trade which are not having the rights to make trip, either to marry, or to own property. As families were frequently separated, many had been deprived even consolations by an opportunity to suffer together. 250 years captured suffered approach to their culture and advantage. The spirit of Africans in America has not been broken. And the spirit of their aggressors was underground.

Underground people included a role and habits of tyrants and owners. Years of unpunished cruelty, intimidation and rapes have generated languid and nonflexible consciousness. Christians shut eyes on extremely clear precepts of the belief and added hypocrisy to injustice. The republic based on idea of equality for everything, became prison for millions. And still, as the American proverb says, " there is no fist big enough to close the sky ." All generations of oppression under human laws could not break hope for freedom and cancel the Divine craft.

In America the enslaved Africans have learned history of an outcome from Egypt and by the hearts were adjusted on the promised ground of freedom. The enslaved Africans have opened the suffering Savior and have found out, that it is more like them, than their owners. The enslaved Africans heard sonorous vows of the Declaration of independence and asked to itself an obvious question: why not for me? The cancellation of slavery in the USA as a result of Civil war 1861 - 65, having finished with isolation of former slaves, has sharply sped up processes of their social differentiation and cultural assimilation. Before 1 -st world war there were Negro bourgeoisie, the industry and agricultural proletariat, farmers, intellectuals. However the constitutions accepted in southern staffs in 1890 - 1910 have deprived African Americans with many civil rights, have legalized a racial discrimination and segregation in moving and getting of education, on transport and in places of public using.

Mass resettlement of African Americans in cities and from the south (where in 1910 90 % of all Afroamericans lived) that began within 1 -st world war and was accepted in 40 - 70, years of 20 century (in the North and the West has transformed African Americans into the most urbanized and proletarized among the ethno racial groups. In 1980 85, 3 % of African Americans lived in cities. The concept "Negro" of the USA is relative and in different states was defined variously. The concept of the superiority of white for long time underlay an official policy of authorities. Earlier the official statistics included a category "mulattoes." After 1950 it disappears, and many people belonging more likely to mulattoes were considered as "Negroes." From the middle of 70 th years instead of "Negroes" the statistics uses the term "black." In struggle for civil rights African Americans achieved the acceptance of the laws which have forbidden a racial discrimination in 60 th years of 20 centuries... However all of them still are exposed actual housing segregation (so-called " black ghettos ").

Response of African Americans was shown in different forms, in particular, in development of their ethno racial consciousness. It is remarkable for a duality: the aspiration to full assimilation is combined with the tendency to allocation in the special ethno racial generality, expressing in various forms of black nationalism ." Notwithstanding that African Americans have brought in the significant contribution to the American culture (especially to music) and sports, they still in a struggle for rights. To prove that I would like to tell about one fact happened in New York. Historical claims in all senses were excited in federal court in Brooklyn in New York and in court in state of New Jersey.

On behalf of the 36 -years black American woman a bill, 4 trillion dollars is presented to 8 companies for the damage caused to natives of Africa for centuries of slavery. Accused companies in the first such claim sent to court in Brooklyn, are the insurance firm " Etna ", railway - "CSX" and financial - "Flit/Boston." The historical researches lead by claimant Dedrajej Farmer - Pejllman have shown, that all three companies originate in the period of slaving in the USA and had the direct attitude to exploitation of slaves-Negroes. All of them were unfairly enriched due to the system which have enthralled, maintaining and bringing physical sufferings and famine to people. In particular, it is stated, that "Etna" insured lives of slaves, and, in case of their death owners of " the alive goods " were addressees of insurance payments. "CSX" owns a network of the railways laid with use of a slave labor, and "Flit/Boston" has been opened by and belonged in due time to the known slaveholder in America. It is reported, that all 20 companies are included in the list of the American firms which now already can be also included in number of respondents, .

Letters were directed with the requirement to finance historical research about the period of slavery to the USA to 13 of them, and also to the business associations uniting producers of tobacco and transport workers, . They are asked to allocate means certain to temporary humanitarian fund ", created with the purpose of improvement of public health services, an education system and care of children among African Americans. Otherwise lawyers threatened to institute legal proceedings also against them. As a whole the legal command of the claimant has reserved to itself the right to institute criminal proceedings in addition against 100 companies in the USA, but it is ready to expand this list. Among the companies which are included in it in there is one of the largest insurance firms " New York life and many other big and famous firms." It is marked, that victims of " a judicial fever " can theoretically become everybody - from owners of present international media-groups whose newspapers once printed announcements of sale of slaves, up to the largest universities, in structure of founders and financial sponsors of which there were outstanding slaveholders. According to collective character of claims, all descendants of slaves-Negros can join the number of claimants as well.

The whole number of the black population of the USA now makes about 36, 5 million people. The documents sent to in courts in New York and New Jersey, affirms, that the color population of the USA till now suffers from consequences of the slavery cancelled in 1865. It also explains the inequality between white and American Negros in incomes, an educational level, literacy, life expectancy, statistics of criminality. Claims contain the requirement of payment of indemnification for the outstanding work for years of slavery - that is from 1619 for 1865, compensation of damage and the payment of a part of the profit of the corporations received due to use of a slave labor about 8 million of Africans imported into America. In case of a positive judgment for claimants the opportunity of that causes doubts with the majority of experts, there will be the avalanche of similar claims. The idea of "fault" of white Americans before the black population now have the great popularity, in the USA and, not only among minority, but also in circles of liberal white intelligentsia.

The overwhelming majority of leaders of a black community of the USA acts for the recognition the American society of the fault, bringing of official apologies and payment in this or that form of indemnification to " uncle Tom heirs." The black lawyer Johnny Cochran actively prepares the material embodiment of this idea. According to the newspaper " USA today ", in February he had signed the contract on partnership with Michael Hausfeld a's Holocaust Washington legal firm, who already managed to get payment of above 8 billion of dollars as indemnification to Jews-victims. As we have learned from above the problem of racial discrimination is still exists. Annually about 50 000 people it is delivered to the United States. The most part from them is involved in sexual slavery in private houses or public clubs, become a cheap labour on farms or in houses of safe and influential people. Reports of the international organizations informs, that objects of trade in slaves worldwide are more than 2 million women and children, and the most part of victims is imported to the United States.

Moreover black people want to have compensation for the years of slavery. I think that we will never come to the conclusion in such conditions. To my mind white people must learn to treat blacks like whites and blacks must be not so unforgiving. To my mind now the slavery must be finally forbidden and black people must forget about it notwithstanding that it is very difficult.

Of course if white people imagine them in their place, they will maybe understand their feelings. Sources: Michel G. Hogan Still have discrimination? , New York 2003 John R. Miller Africans in America New York 2000 Sandra S.

Smith Africans in America New York 2002 web


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Research essay sample on Racial Discrimination African Americans

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