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Example research essay topic: Vanishing Forests In Brazil Part 2 - 2,191 words

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... There is a need to look into the utilization of the cleared areas when it comes to actual solutions. In the long run, this is important to lessen future forest loss. On the part of the government, there must be an increase sustainability of the farms, pastures and other plantations. In doing so, the land is put into good use, the developed lands are still improved and there is less and less need to clear additional rainforest. (Amazon Conservation: How to Save the Amazon Rainforest). How best to achieve this increased productivity is to use improved technology to generate higher yielding crops.

Through careful selection, grasses and crops can again grow on degraded soil. Thus, even if technology was the thing that impoverished the tropical rainforests, this time, it will be one of the keys to saving them. Another way of increasing productivity in areas that have already been cleared is by the proper use of alternative technologies, such as non-plowing farming. If the areas are properly used, 20 percent of it could produce 50 million tons of grains annually. Another 20 percent could be used for small farmers. (Amazon Conservation: How to Save the Amazon Rainforest).

Ordinary citizens can also do their part by planting trees. According to the Worldwatch Institute, at least 130 million hectares of trees have to be planted annually to offset the rate of global deforestation. Sustainable Development One other best way to solve the deforestation in Brazil is to develop a new conservation policy. This move would be based on the principle of sustainable use and development of rainforests. This principle of sustainable development must be applied through policies to various industries involved in the use and development of rainforest lands. It should be noted that rainforests are like sponges: they capture, store and recycle rain.

In the Amazon Basin, at least, half of the rain that falls has been recycled from the forest. As the trees are destroyed, the rain is no longer absorbed by the forest canopy. Instead, it lands directly on the soil, causing flooding and washing away soil. When there are no trees to absorb and release rainwater, the soil becomes dry. The shallow soil, no longer fertilized by falling debris from the trees above, becomes barren.

In a process called desertification, once rich and alive rainforests end up as parched deserts. Thus, there should be new policies aimed to keep forests as functional ecological systems while providing multiple economic benefits. However, until today, native Amazonian's still face violent encroachment by illegal loggers seeking mahogany. Thus, some of the other measures that could be adopted are the following: - End Subsidies.

This move targeted for saw mills and road construction, will make logging of tropical rainforests more accurately reflect the true costs of harvesting. - Use reduced impact logging. This will include: 1) cutting climbers and lianas well prior to felling; 2) directional tree felling to inflict the smallest impact on the surrounding forest; 3) establishing stream buffer zones and watershed protection areas; 4) using improved technologies to reduce damage to the soil cause by log extraction; 5) careful planning to prevent excess roads which give access to transient settlers; 6) reducing wood waste for cut areas (anywhere from 25 - 50 % of the wood from a given cleared patch is wasted); 7) limiting the gradient of roads to prevent excess erosion (Amazon Conservation: How to Save the Amazon Rainforest). Loss of forest covers, especially in the tropical rainforest regions, also causes changes in the global climate as a result of an imbalance in the solar heating of the earths surface. Tropical rainforests generally provide a cooling effect to the rest of the world by absorbing the heat of the sun hitting the surface of the earth. This protects the soil from the heat of the sun, thus controlling overall temperature. Rainforests also help cool the earth through the process of evapotranspiration that forms clouds and results in normal precipitation.

The loss of Brazils rainforests also causes heavier rainfall and stronger storms in various parts of the world. Since the world climate and weather are generally dependent on the sun heating the surface of the earth, the reduction of rainforest canopies naturally causes major changes in the usual weather patterns. First, with the absence of vegetative covers, the sun directly heats the soil, which reflects solar radiation back to the atmosphere, but with the presence of greenhouse gases, the heat is simply trapped in the atmosphere. The warming also increases the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere.

Thomas R, Karl explains that the increased availability of water vapor in the atmosphere also leads to a significant increase in the energy available to drive storms and associated weather fronts, therefore affecting rainfall rates, precipitation amounts, storm intensity, and related runoff. (Karl, Tomas). The situation is worsened as the more violent storms easily inflict damage to human settlements that used to be protected by rainforests. Recently, there have been increasing reports of landslides and major floods in valleys adjacent to what used to be tropical rainforests. These natural calamities have resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and millions of dollars in livelihood. Tropical rainforests protect those human settlements through their tree roots that can absorb large amounts of precipitation and rapid runoff. Rainforests also promote land stability, without which, landslides are more likely to occur.

Without vegetative cover, the soil is easily exposed to torrents and erosion. Even if the rainforests are reforested, the roots of the young trees will not be strong enough to absorb the tremendous amount of precipitation. The young forests will also be unable to take on the impact of large storms and deluge. Without the rainforests to absorb runoff, the soil becomes saturated, causing floods in the valleys where human settlements are concentrated. The rainforests are also essential in protecting watersheds as they prevent excessive evaporation of watershed areas through their canopies. The roots also hold large amounts of water, thus ensuring that there is enough water stored in the aquifers for irrigation and water supply.

The loss of rainforests exposes the watershed areas to drought and siltation, affecting water supply for human consumption and for agriculture. Continuous deforestation activities could result in an overpopulated earth that is suffering from water supply shortage. Conclusion: Forming sound policies for the preservation of tropical rainforests in Brazil, while maintaining economic sustainability is a complex task. Considering that the world today continually depends on the logging industry to run other businesses and to supply the needs of modern day life, the policies involving rainforest preservation and resuscitation have to be feasible and not just idealistic. Even if governments enact laws that will totally prohibit logging activities, loggers will still find ways, even if illegal, to conduct their forestry activities. One of the previous measures to closing off forests and converting them into parks and reserves only resulted in the emergence of so called paper parks that appeared as conservation initiatives on the part of government policymakers, but in reality they are utilized for commercial activities like logging, oil extracting, cattle ranching, and mining as a source of revenue for impoverished or corrupt government. (Butler).

Janet Raloff looked to the analysis done by Robert Repetto of the World Resources Institute to provide some resolutions to the issue of forest degradation and its economics. Repetto believes that in order for the conservation movements to be effective, there needs to be a change in misdirected government policies. Repetto asserts that the problems in the policies lie in the aspects of land tenure problems, government settlement policies, [and] concession allocation policies for timber exploitation. (Raloff). In most third world countries where large areas of rainforests are located, wood products are mainly a means for them to keep up with global trade and reduce foreign debts. Repetto believes that one of the problems is that governments in developing countries continue to sell timber at a very low price, resulting in encouraged timber booms, profiteering and unsustainable exploitation of forest resources. (Raloff).

Another important factor in solving the issues of continued deforestation is the cooperation of local communities, which surround rainforests and rely on slash and burn activities to meet their immediate needs. Even with government restrictions on rainforest areas, forest degradation will still most likely to occur if the local communities are not made aware of the environmental impact and the long-term economic disadvantages that logging activities will bring. Massive reforestation projects also need to be enforced to replace lost forests. The problem with this is that sometimes, it is too late for reforestation, as young replacement trees could not withstand the strong storms and winds. In ideal and actual rainforest scenarios, mature trees, with stronger roots and larger canopies, protect those young trees. Even with the drawbacks, governments need to pursue reforestation programs as they are significant measures in resolving the current problems of the environment.

Our actions today will spell the difference in the future. a. In summation, this paper recognizes that there is an urgent need to look into the causes of the deforestation in Brazil and seek measures to solve them. If Brazil is to progress, it must contribute more to the search for truths and values and to their dissemination than to the mere surface remedy of critical areas. Brazils deforestation problem is not an easy one to solve. It needs the help from all sectors of its society before a glint of hope is seen.

But that is better than not doing any recourse at all. b. There are some areas that need further research. The responses of man to his environment cannot be described merely in terms of immediate direct effects, but must be regarded as dynamic processes, conditioned by the adaptive powers of the organisms, and often resulting in long-range cumulative alterations.

An area that may need further research is the need to look for other means of preserving the forests utilizing local and cheap sources. This would need some creative minds of experts to dwell on this area but it is worth looking into. There is also a need to look into financial institutions about its policies for lending money to developing countries. Some questions that need to be further explored: Are projects screened for their environmental impact? Is financing given only to those projects that do not harm the environment? Can forums be formed as venues to discuss issues with people or professional associations whose work may in some way be related to the rainforests.

How can we encourage professional associations to develop a code of conduct with respect to rainforest products? Mans future rests heavily on the collective utilization of his intelligence; on his seeking verifiable truths; on his developing curiosity, satisfying motives, and the desire for understanding and on his skill in reaching sound judgments. Brazil is a land of excellent biological diversity. Thus, any kind of problem here, especially that of deforestation, is worth looking into.

The continuing disappearance of the wild lands is a sad fact. But it is never too late. Authorities need to take measures of preserving these hotbeds of biodiversity because that is also like preserving a part of us. Works Cited Anderson, A. (1990). Smokestacks in the Rainforest: Industrial Development and Deforestation in the Amazon Basin. World Development, vol. 18, no. 9 pp. 1191 - 1205.

Amazon Conservation: How to Save the Amazon Rainforest. web Binswanger, H. (1991). Brazilian Policies that Encourage Deforestation in the Amazon World Development, vol. 19, no. 7 (1991): pp. 821 - 829. Pease. A (reviewer) Colby College 97. Accessed 6 Dec 2005 at: web Butler, Rhett.

Tropical Rainforests: Saving What Remains. web 1001. htm. Caufield, Catherine. (1991). In the Rainforest: Report from a Strange, Beautiful, Imperiled World. 319 p. CIDA Forestry Advisers Network.

Forestry Issues. March 1993. web Crittenden, E. Amazon Deforestation and Brazil Land Problems. Accessed 6 Dec. 2005 at: web Karl, Thomas R. Global Warming and the Earths Water Cycle: What Do the Changes Mean and Why Be Concerned?

U. S. Global Change Research Program Seminar. 6 Dec 2005. web Karl, Thomas R. Global Warming and the Earths Water Cycle: What Do the Changes Mean and Why Be Concerned? U.

S. Global Change Research Program Seminar. 6 Dec 2005. web Lee, John and Ronald A. Taylor. Ravage in the rain forests; loss of 100 acres a minute threatens earths climate.

US News and World Report. March 31, 1986. web Norman. Forests: a planetary treasure.

People & the Planet 5, no. 4 (1996). web Raloff, Janet. Unraveling the economics of deforestation, many government policies unintentionally promote costly environmental damage. Science News.

June 4, 1998. web ai 6435654. Reel, Monte. (2005, June 12). As Amazon Crops Grow, a Forest Shrinks.

Washington Post Foreign Service p. 20. Accessed 6 Dec. 2005 at: web Urquhart, Gerald, Walter Chomentowski, David Some, and Chris Barber. Tropical Deforestation. Earth Observatory. web U. S.

Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Tropical Forestry. web usda. gov / econ /research / prb 934 3.

htm. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Global Scale: Forestry and Agriculture in the Global Carbon Cycle. July 8, 2004.

web cycle. html. Wikipedia. Deforestation. web


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