Example research essay topic: World War Ii Adolph Hitler - 1,967 words

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Holocaust Germany suffered the defeat in the First World War. After that, social democrats together with Liberal parties formed the new government, and Germany became the democratic state. The economic crisis of 20 th years and the monstrous economic losses suffered during the war, have led to landslide inflation. The number of the unemployed by the end of the twentieth years has made 30 percent of able-bodied population of Germany.

The unemployed, who are standing in a queue for casual earnings or free-of-charge meal, became the habitual phenomenon. The majority of the population lived in constant fear to slide in a bog of poverty. Nationalist parties blamed for all the democratic reforms, the agreements accepted by the Versailles peace treaty, and the Jews which, as these parties thought, wanted to transform all the Germans into the slaves that conducts to death of the German nation. The largest Nazi party was NSDAP (the National socialist party of Germany), headed by Adolph Hitler. It promised to return the former glory to Germany, to establish the order in the country and to give Germans work and bread. In the book "My struggle Hitler has proved anti-Semitic ideology of a party.

At elections it received more and more votes each time. Nazis solved the political problems with the help of extreme propagation and violence. At the elections of 1932 NSDAP became a leader. On January, 30, 1933 Adolph Hitler was proclaimed Reichschancellor. Civil rights and political freedoms began to be stroked, and as a result the dictatorial mode of a Nazi party was established in Germany. Among its slogans were " Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Fuhrer " - " The uniform people, the uniform empire, the uniform leader! " According to this slogan, people should not select, and only unanimously welcomes the leader who "serves" all the people.

It was necessary to destroy capitalists and communists. Sexual minority also were considered to be objectionable (20 thousand homosexuals have been sent in concentration camp) together with patients with mental frustration (100 thousand person were killed). Nazis have developed the so-called racial theories based on pseudo scientific "researches" of XIX century. These theories were accepted in 1935. As any real racial distinctions did not exist, Nazis used such a dodge: ancestors of the person were considered as Jews if they were members of the Jewish religious community. In opinion of Nazis the main thing that should unite people is their race.

German race is an elite, it is called to operate the lowest races. The goal was set up in order to subordinate all peoples, and to destroy only one people - Jews, to destroy completely. Anti-Semitic ideas were distributed across the whole Germany. Martin Luther's Anti-Semitism played an important role. Now it is explained by his personal weakness or obscuring of mind which he suffered during last years of his life. It is incorrect for two reasons.

First, from the very beginning he was the adherent of hatred. Secondly, Anti-Semitism was built-in in his theology. Luther despised Jews of the Bible as he despised also Jews of his time. His theology has justified and has generated the Holocaust. The theologian of the Holocaust " - Luther has entirely deserved such definition. Concentration camps began to be created in 1941 on the territory of Poland where it was supposed to take all Jews who had survived in Europe conquered by Germans and to destroy them.

By this time it has already been destroyed about one million of Jews. However the tactics of mass executions famine and forced labour used before was recognized insufficiently effective. Besides Nazis hastened to finish a genocide while they have success at the front. It has been urgently created (or converted) six camps of destruction: Auschwitz, Belzec, Lublin - Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka.

Deportation in camp of death began in September of 1941 from German and Austrian Jews, and in the summer of 1942 gas chambers began to work. " Cleaning " was held systematically: Germans "have combed" Europe from Holland in the north up to Greece in the south. In the occupied Poland from the end of 1942 "ghetto" one by one began to become empty. Mass deportation proceeded up to January of 1945 when the last portion of the Hungarian Jews has been sent to Auschwitz. In camps of death more than 3 million people were killed: Auschwitz: about 1, 100, 000 Belzec: 436, 000 Chelmno: 340, 000 Majdanek: 300, 000 to 350, 000 Sobibor: 260, 000 Treblinka: at least 700, 000, possibly over 1, 000, 000 May Trostenets: at least 200, 000, possibly over 500, 000 Other groups of people persecuted and killed by the Nazis were Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, trade unionists, the handicapped and mentally disabled Jehovah's Witnesses, Poles, Soviet POWs, and political dissidents. They also were transported to the concentration camps. Different groups had special badges: pink triangle for homosexuals, yellow Stars of David for Jews.

About 1, 8 thousand former prisoners-Jews which survived in Nazi concentration camps and ghetto during the World War II, decided to publish in the USA the certificates on medical experiments with prisoners. According to these victims of Nazis, fanatics carried out above them 178 kinds of medical experiences in more than 30 concentration camps and ghetto. Among these indications there is the new information on experiments under a management of " angel of death " Joseph Mangle with twins and dwarfs, and also about surgical operations carried out without anaesthesia, including on change of colon of eyes, sterilization, a poisoning of an organism, infection of people with infectious diseases and amputation of various bodies. One of the former prisoners, who underwent sterilizations, declared, that the purpose of these indications is to inform the new generations about horrors which were happened during the World War II. If to summarize all the results of Nazi medical researches it will appear, that the factor of their utility is small.

All problem was in the extreme illiteracy of colleagues of Hitler, and first of all Henry Himmler who directly supervised these researches. It dared to give illiterate recommendations even to his own doctors. So, he especially advised doctor Rasher who was investigating a problem of heating of frozen people, to investigate first of all a way of warming by a heat of an alive body and to take women for these purposes. He insisted on it though even Rasher wrote to it, that in a warm bath is much effective. Himmler and people like him were so assured in own scientific abilities, that fearlessly assumed the responsibility.

Among these doctors there were fanatically cool people such as Mengele. He killed the victims himself, injecting chloroform in their hearts in order to carry out opening and to observe their internal bodies. He injected ruthless without anaesthesia painful liquids in eyes of experimental children, trying to find means to create the real German. Arnold Domain infecting people with hepatitis and trying to treat them with the help of piercing of a liver.

This mean action had no scientific value that was clear to experts of a Reich from the very beginning. According to the well-known data in historical circles, half of German doctors of that time supported a policy of its medical officials and experiences held in concentration camps. Those experiences were necessary, doctors did not doubt that. If the policy gives the scientists such opportunity it is silly not to take advantage. Genetics especially prospered during Nazi mode. In 1930 - 40 years in Germany besides absurd theories the set of scientific conferences were held, the most interesting scientific discussions were conducted.

Almost all German genetics, cooperating with Nazis, have avoided even the formal responsibility (except for Mengele, and even he has avoided execution and prison). They said, that knew nothing about atrocities of a Nazi mode. The international scientific community has silently agreed with it. In other conditions it was necessary to condemn all genetics of Germany. Rescue of Jews was the business of personal courage and personal conscience.

Thousand German women havent left the husbands-Jews, and husbands-Germans havent left the Jews -wives. Among these courageous people there was a great philosopher Charles Jaspers and great musician Herbert von Karajan. In Berlin about 5 thousand of Jews were rescued from Nazis by their friends. When in 1937 at the synod an outstanding Protestant seminary student D. Bonhoffer (he has been executed by Nazis on April, 9, 1945) has tried to call for public condemnation of anti-Semitic Nuremberg laws, his appeal has not received support from the Anti-Nazis party.

Only in 1943 Brotherly advice of Church publicly protested against unprecedented disasters, suffered by Jews. Other Churches were silent up to the end According to D. Bonhoffer's, such Nazis crimes as the crystal night, many Christians (including him) for some time considered to be the deserved punishment of Jews, as " a scourge Divine ." In 1933 - 1939 about 250 thousand Jews left Germany (emigrants got over mainly to the USA, the Great Britain and Palestine). Only some thousand of Jews, which stayed in Germany, survived Nazis mode Many ordinary Germans, including the majority of figures of Protestant and Catholic Church, were tempted with Nazi propagation and agreed that Jews was the lowest race. The only that resisted was the church Confessing (one of the Protestant churches, oppositional to Nazis). As a result 700 of its priests have been arrested.

Anti-Semites of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus have taken advantage of Nazi occupation for punishment of Jews. Danes and Norwegians undertook heroic efforts for rescue of the Jews. Sweden was the only country which opened the doors for acceptance of the Jewish refugees. Humanists of all countries with risk for a life helped Jews to run or hide. One of such heroes is the cardinal Angelo Rockalli who rescued thousand of Jewish lives. Later, becoming John XXIII, it has cleaned the anti-Jewish statements from the Catholic prayer book.

Upon termination of war many other figures of Catholic Church have apologized for the silence. Soviet Army was the first to understand the cruelty of Nazis. It rescued the Polish camps in winter 1944. In April of 1945 the British army rescues Jews in the camp of the North Germany.

Many of prisoners from Polish camps were deported to this camp by the Nazis. For the moment of rescue many of Jews were almost dead. The Germany itself was not guilty in Holocaust events. The Holocaust originated not in the Nazis Germany. The Holocaust has splashed out all nationalist moods, which were collected in Europe for many centuries. It was only the culmination of thousand-year hatred, racial prejudices, low instincts...

The Holocaust, as the greatest crime of humanity, as an unforgettable tragedy of people and as a moral lesson for the future generations can be understood only in the context of all previous events which have made its possible and have prepared the ground for it. The number of victims in each country (approximate): Italy 8000 Belgium 24000 Greece 65000 Austria 65000 Latvia 80000 France 83000 Transylvania 105000 The Netherlands 106000 Bukovina 124000 Lithuania 135000 Germany 160000 Bessarabia 2000000 Hungary 2000000 Czechoslovakia 217000 USSR 1000000 Poland 30000000 Bibliography 1. Holocaust Journey: Travelling in Search of the Past, Martin Gilbert, Phoenix 1997 2. Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute of Warsaw, East Berlin: 1966 3. Rules and Regulations for the Concentration Camps.

Anthology, Inhuman Medicine, Vol. 1, Part 1 (Warsaw: International Auschwitz Committee, 1970 4. Reitlinger, The Final Solution (1971); J. -C. Pressac, Le Crmatoires d Auschwitz: La Machinery du metre de mass (Paris: CNRS, 1993). On Pressac? s estimates, see: L? Express (France), Sept. 30, 1993 5.

Arthur Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century (Costa Mesa, Calif. )

Research essay sample on World War Ii Adolph Hitler