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Recovering Lost Atoms Of Cosmos I would like to talk about the history of our Universe and subjects, which concerns this topic. First of all I would like to summarize the article about recovering lost atoms of cosmos. I chose this article because it introduces the topic in interesting and exciting way. It also clarifies many points and gives a good brainstorm. The specific chemistry, which is used here, is another peace of work. I will stop on chemistry later for better specification.
It was a constant among the scientists that the universe is between 11. 2 billion and 20 billion years old. In 1929 American astronomer Edwin Hubble found out that Universe is still growing. By the reconstructing of galaxies movements scientists were able to calculate the time of Big Bang (9 - 10 billion years). However, many stars appeared too older than that.
So the data supplied by the Hubble Space Telescope led to an apparently refined period of 13 billion to 14 billion years (Robert Roy Britt). And now let me introduce the Recovering Lost Atoms Of Cosmos by Dennis Overbye. The article speaks about atoms which were lost after the Big Bang and the probability if their recovering. According to Dennis Overbye The atoms, astronomers report in the current issue of Nature, reside in a vast invisible web of thin hot gas left over from the construction of the galaxies and spanning the cosmos. This research has more value than it seems at first. It can answer on such complicated answers as the time and the way of appearance of our galaxy.
Scientists discovered that universe consists by mass of 70 percent dark energy, 25 percent dark matter and 5 percent ordinary matter. ''Now we have found the likely hiding place of the missing baryons, '' Dr. Nicastro said in a news release. This gas was founded by its absorption of X-rays from a distant explosive galaxy, Mark arian 421, about 400 million light-years from Earth (Dennis Overbye) Oxygen and nitrogen was founded in two groups 150 million and 370 million light-years out. Astronomers assume that these groups are the parts of larger formations, which in turn can hold some of the missing baryons. There was an intention to explore these formations with the help of spectrograph but NASA canceled servicing missions. Now we can only hope that someday that this mission will be renewed.
As I told you earlier I would try to shed the light on the chemistry, which is used in the article. It is always better to start from the very beginning. Baryons (from the Greek word bars heavy) are the particles with baryon number equal to one. All baryons are hadrons and have half-integral spin, in other words they yield to the Fermi-Diraks statistic.
Among the baryons Nucleons (protons and nucleons), hyperons, charmed baryons and even baryon resonance also belong to baryons. All baryons, except the lightest one proton, are unstable and in free state disintegrate into protons. In other words it can be said the baryons are the formation of protons and nucleons. It is rather complicated to speak about the dark energy because there is no legible definition. Some people say that this is a kind of repulsive force that permeates the universe like anti-gravity and will cause the universe to accelerate its rate of expansion forever (David Perlman). On other hand Einstein's General Theory of Relativity also allows for the existence of Dark Energy (also called the Cosmological Constant).
This is a property of empty space that causes the universe to expand more and more rapidly. Unlike Dark Matter, whose effects can be seen within a single galaxy, Dark Energy only shows up in observations, which probe significant fractions of the observable Universe. The accelerating expansion of space was discovered in the last few years by observations of distant supernovae but the observations are difficult and open to other interpretations. (New Evidence for Dark Energy in the Universe). The scientists used the linking number of lenses and in such way founded the latest information on the number of galaxies, they inferred that most of the energy in the Universe is likely to be in an invisible, and presently unknown, form.
Dark Energy is closely related to the idea of a Cosmological Constant introduced by Einstein over 80 years ago, but most astronomers, including Einstein himself, have always strongly doubted its reality. (New Evidence for Dark Energy in the Universe) But in the past 5 years several independent groups of researchers presented evidence suggesting that dark energy truly exists and could well dominate the total energy of the Universe. Astronomers state that dark energy affects only the properties of the Universe over large distances and the observations which are sensitive to its presence, in particular studies of exploding stars in distant galaxies, are all close to the limit of current capabilities (New Evidence for Dark Energy in the Universe). Scientists provided many different tests on that matter and Dr. Ian Browne makes the point that "the new gravitational lens test is based on completely different physical arguments to the previous ones and so provides independent evidence in support of Dark Energy" (New Evidence for Dark Energy in the Universe). It is obvious that dark energy is the reason of Universes continual expanding.
The only explanation, according to Chaboyer and Krauss, for an accelerating universe is that the energy content of a vacuum is non-zero with a negative pressure, in other words, dark energy. This negative pressure of the vacuum grows in importance as the universe expands and causes the expansion to accelerate. (Sue Knapp, Darthmouth College) Dr. Kyu-Hyun Chae combined the gravitational lens statistics with the latest results on the numbers and types of galaxies in the Universe to count up the amount of dark energy. He used optical telescopes for achieving his goal. As the result he founded that around two thirds of the Universe's energy appears to be dark energy. At that point we approach the other interesting terms ordinary matter and dark matter.
Dr. Kyu-Hyun Chae states that the remaining third of all Universe is made up of dark matter whose form is presently unknown and ordinary matter, which makes up the stars and planets. According to New Evidence for Dark Energy in the Universe While astronomers have no idea about what Dark Energy might be, these new results add to their growing confidence that it is real. According to the University of Manchester Jodrell Bank Observatory Dark Matter are a matter with normal gravitational properties but which does not emit sufficient electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly in any type of telescope. Large amounts normal matter (in the form of stars or hydrogen gas) in galaxies and clusters of galaxies, are seen to be moving so fast that they would escape, unless there is up to ten times more gravity than that of the normal matter itself. This additional gravity is ascribed to Dark Matter but what it consists of is currently unknown.
Astronomers now favor the idea that the Dark Matter must be in the form of sub-atomic particles, which do not interact strongly with normal matter. Searches for such particles are underway at many laboratories throughout the world. Astronomy is rather new but rapidly developing brunch of science with great perspectives. This science is difficult for understanding because its main definitions are mysterious and unknown.
It is a fascinating science because theories here can be bizarre and impossible. Some of the ideas have no right for the existence others are necessary to be investigated. "We are living in a golden age of observational cosmology, where our fundamental picture of the universe has been revolutionized in the last decade, " Krauss said. "At the same time, we are establishing the essential features of the cosmos that will serve as the datum at the basis for fundamental physics in the 21 st century and beyond. " (Robert Roy Britt) Bibliography Dennis Overbye, Recovering Lost Atoms Of Cosmos, New York Times, February 8, 2005 Robert Roy Britt, Age of Universe Revised, Again, Top 10 Space Mysteries, 11: 22 am ET 03 January 2003 Sue Knapp, Darthmouth College, SpaceRef, Thursday, January 2, 2003, < web > Anthony Holloway, New Evidence for Dark Energy in the Universe, 2002 / 11 - 7 th November 2002, < web > SPACE. com Staff, New Evidence that Dark Energy Rules the Universe, 09: 00 am ET 12 November 2002, < web > David Perlman, Chronicle Science Editor, Scientists tune into the cosmos after Big Bang, Chronicle Science, Saturday, December 14, 2002
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Research essay sample on Recovering Lost Atoms Of Cosmos
