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Example research essay topic: French And English Runaway Slaves - 1,913 words

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American History According to the evidence, Central American civilization was greatly influenced by East African culture, specially from Ethiopia, Kemet, or More. It is believed that one or more of these civilizations crossed the Atlantic between 1200 and 400 B. C. Some scholars including Charles Joyner, Richard S.

Price, and Gary Nash have recognized the cultural amalgamation and inter-mixing of Native Americans and Europeans or Europeans and Africans. Nevertheless, few focus on the widespread mixing that happened between Native Americans and Africans, the impact each had on the other, and how people like those in Indian Woods persist to endure as bi-racial and tri-racial people who have retained much of their Native American and African society. Colonial societies in Latin America were constructed, with different degrees of emphasis according to their location, on the basis of Iberian, native, and African norms. The position of women in the colonial stage were strictly defined and framed by the religious and family boundaries. The increasing immigration of women, mainly from the mid-sixteenth century, relegated Indian and mestiza women to secondary roles in a 'stable society with a clear racial hierarchy'. Men had the ascendant role in all these societies and monopolized political and religious power.

There is a notable relationship between Indians and blacks from their earliest contact in the 1500 s to the early twentieth century. This contact has resulted in the development of communities of blacks who are part African and Indian or part African, Indian, and European like the natives who for the last 400 years have lived in a small rural society in northeastern North Carolina, recognized as Indian Woods. Communities like Indian Woods are spread throughout the South and all over America. Many of these mixed-blooded people approved for Indian or white. Many others, who could not overtake, became part of the African-American community. Sill others remote themselves in diverse areas around the nation considering themselves neither Indian, white, nor truly black.

Columbus' own firewood, along with archeological proof, reinforces the argument that Africans explored and traded with the Americas long before the Spanish. Columbus noted that when he recognized communication with the inhabitants, they pointed that the Spanish had arrived from the South, while the Africans who preceded them arrived from the Southeast. Furthermore, Columbus and his crew stated that when they arrived in the Americas they found Africans already there. From 1492 to 1502, the Spanish first confined the peoples of the Caribbean and Central and South America to satisfy their labor needs. In 1502, the Spanish were the first Europeans to enslave Africans in the Americas. Yet the local population died from European diseases like smallpox and from overwork.

Thus in 1502, ten years after Columbus' landing, the Spanish brought the first African slaves to Cuba from West Africa to replace Indian slaves who were dying out. This began the trans-Atlantic slave deal between West Africa and the Americas and the integration of Native Americans and Africans. The Spanish were followed quickly by the Portuguese and finally the Dutch, French, and English. In 1504, the Spanish started their first sugar plantations on Hispaniola. From that point on, countless Indian and African slaves were forced to grow and process sugar and its byproducts.

By the mid 1500 s, the Spanish had established the Central America, South America, and the Southern United States, all of which contained large Indian, African, and varied slave populations. Many of these slaves outwitted their overseers by escaping at the first opportunity. These runaway slaves formed all black but mostly Indian and black communities, which became known as maroon communities. The first runaway or maroon was part of the first consignment of African slaves brought to the Spanish colony of Hispaniola in 1502.

Although slavery spread in the Americas for more than 300 years, it was not without occurrence and cost. As was true of the preceding 100 years, slavery did not increase without resistance. Neither Indians nor Africans willingly accepted such state of matters, and throughout slavery's continuation, there was a significant number of attacks, revolts, and rebellions that caused huge anxiety and widespread fear among American and Caribbean slave holders. Several of the most famous Indian and slave uprisings occurred during the imposing period and caused major loss of property and life. These uprisings often involved Indians and maroons, and Europeans often used African and Indian slaves to finish this unrest.

As a consequence of the rebellions, slave codes, which existed in all of the slaveholding colonies. White colonists increased their cruel treatment of slaves. One of the most triumphant of these revolts occurred in Brazil, where the Africans victoriously won their freedom and created the African state of Palmares in 1630. Although most of the insurrections were not as successful, they did show. In a series of world wars waged in the Americas, Europe, and Asia, Europeans fought for control of the Americas and the Caribbean. Africans played a chief military role in the armies of all the combatants.

The English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and the Spanish to protect their colonies from invasion and to disrupt the economic interest of their enemies used maroons, slaves, and free Blacks. By the start of the eighteenth century, slavery was established throughout the Western Hemisphere. It stretched from present day Argentina to Canada. African, Indian, and African-Indian slaves worked the mines of South America, the sugar plantations of the Caribbean, the rice and cobalt fields of Georgia and South Carolina, and the tobacco fields of North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. They worked as servants and skilled and unskilled laborers in cities from Bahia to Quebec. British North America saw the creation of the first democratic republic in America and the institutionalization of slavery in that state.

As slavery extended and the brutality of slavery became known among Native Americans, many began to sympathize with Africans and despise the establishment of slavery. Many Indian nations began to give shelter to runaway slaves, intermarry with them and help them to run away from their owners. Indians and Africans began to counterfeit alliances and close friendships with nations. Being afraid that Indians and slaves might create alliances that would destroy white settlements, whites painted Indians as distrustful and the enemy of slaves, causing many slaves to fear them and stay loyal to their masters for defense.

Colonists also equipped slaves and used them to fight Indians, driving wedges between the two groups in the Tuscarora War and the Yama see War of 1715. Whites also taught Indians to fear Africans and recruited them to serve as slave catchers and even slaveholders. The most well known Indian nations to approve European slavery were bitter enemies of the Tuscarora even before the entrance of the Europeans. They incorporated the Five Civilized Tribes -- the Seminoles, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Cherokees. Though these nations accepted many of the practices of European slaveholders, African slavery among Native Americans was never the same as it was among slave holding whites.

For instance, Native Americans often intermarried with their African slaves and the children of slaves were considered free and full members of the nation. Native Americans often intermarried with their African slaves and the children of slaves were considered free and full members of the nation. The Seminoles of Florida became so mixed that like the Tuscarora and other Iroquois, many of their people were as much African as Indian. The mixing of Europeans and Indians and Africans and Indians finally led to civil wars within the Five Civilized Tribes with most full blooded Indians siding with those mixed with Africans. This might have been because many of the conventional religions and beliefs of Indians and Africans were similar. These beliefs did not identify the racial advantage of any race over another unlike the Christianity taught to mixed Indians of European heritage.

From 1755 to 1763, France and England fought the Seven Years War or the French and Indian War, as it was known in America. Although the clash began in Europe, it rapidly spilled over into their colonies in the Americas. Most of the combating in North America took place along the Western border where the Indians united themselves with the French and attacked American settlements. The British, also armed slaves in the thirteen colonies, particularly South Carolina and Georgia and in frontier areas in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

In 1763, England defeated France and Spain and, in part as a result of the victories of their African troops in the Caribbean, won constructive concessions at the Paris Peace. In North America, the British obtained control of all the land west of the Appalachian Mountains to Canada. It left only two European nations in control of North America, Spain and England, both counting on slavery for economic growth and welfare. During the war, hundreds of Indians and slaves fought for the French and the British in return for their freedom or safety. Since most of the struggle occurred on the western border, many French and English slave holders used their slaves to help in protecting their families, houses and belongings. During the war, Indians captured slaves and let many go free or join their own nations.

At the end of the Revolutionary War, the British and their Indian associates set free thousands of slaves. The British themselves took about 15, 000 Africans when they left America. While it is unclear precisely how many slaves joined their Indian associates, the number was probably to be in the hundreds if not thousands. Bibliography: Richter, Daniel, "Imagining a Distant New World, " Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America (Cambridge, 2001), 11 - 40.

Brown, Kathleen M. , "The Anglo-Indian Gender Frontier, " in Negotiators of Change: Historical Perspectives on Native American Women, Nancy Shoemaker, ed. (NY, 1995) 26 - 48. PRIMARY: Richard Frethorne's letter to his father and mother, 1623, in Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed. The Records of the Virginia Company of London (Washington, 1906 - 35) IV: 58 - 62. Broadhead, Susan, "Slave Wives, Free Sisters: Bakongo Women and Slavery c. 1700 - 1850, " in Women and Slavery in Africa, ed. Claire Robertson and Martin Klein (Madison, 1983), 160 - 178 Merrens, H.

Roy and George D. Terry, "Dying in Paradise: Malaria, Mortality, and the Perceptual Environment in Colonial South Carolina, " Journal of Southern History 50 (1984) 533 - 50. PRIMARY: Description of Enslavement, Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah EquianoK (London, 1789) Ch 2. PRIMARY: Father Pedro Font describes search for New Converts of Yuma Indians, 1775 in Font's Complete Diary K trans. Herbert Eugene Bolton (Berkeley, 1933), 118 - 121. Merrell, James H. , "The Indians' New World: The Catawba Experience, " William and Mary Quarterly 41 (1984) 537 - 565.

PRIMARY: Father Junipero Serra on the destruction of the San Diego Mission, 1775 in Antoine Tibesar, ed. Writings of Junipero Serra (Washington, D. C. 1955 - 66) 2: 401 - 7. Morgan, Edmund, "Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox, " repr.

in Forging the American Character John R. M. Wilson, ed. (Prentice Hall, 2000) I: 38 - 51. PRIMARY: Transcript on Slavery, 1700 s. PRIMARY: John Old mixon, The British Empire in America (London, 1741), 130 - 31. Karlsen, Carol, "The Economic Basis of Witchcraft, " in Spellbound: Women and Witchcraft in America Elizabeth Reis, ed. (Scholarly Resources, 1998) 1 - 24.

PRIMARY: The Trial of Susanna Martin... From Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World (Boston, 1693).


Free research essays on topics related to: french and english, slave holders, native americans, african slaves, runaway slaves

Research essay sample on French And English Runaway Slaves

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