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Example research essay topic: End Of History Neo Liberalism - 1,541 words

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Political Ideology We cannot call Liberalism the undifferentiated doctrine. What is Liberalism? Who are the Liberals? What is Liberal ideology? The main idea of liberalism supposes that a man has freedom to determine his own fate. From the liberal point of view, the government exists only to protect a man from violence and to limit an individual freedom.

Liberal political ideology appeared as reaction to authoritarian regimes. Liberals wanted to limit rights of hereditary power, to widen a circle of people who have the vote and to ensure guarantees of civil rights. Liberalism is economical, sociological and philosophical doctrine. Im firmly convinced that modern society based on libertarian doctrines can reach maximum welfare.

Liberalism is an institutional environment able to achieve supreme values in democratic society. Liberalism exerts great impact on mass political behavior. Liberalism has become more dependent on corporations and the wealthy. The essence of it hardly underwent a very thorough change in course of time. Liberal programs made almost no difference to the definite political forms of civil structure, proposed by old and new liberals.

Both of them vote for system of representative government, equal right to take part in elections and guarantee of civil rights. However, liberals of 20 th century support government as the only one correct institution to make decisions for the welfare of the people and the public good. The main liberal principles can be expressed by three words: individualism, liberties and property. Liberal principles form the basis of modern Western civilization. They are also very important for the third world countries that choose their way of civilized development. There are two main liberal approaches: universalist and institutional.

Universalist principles declare dignity, value of each man and justice. It propagates compassion as well as equity in human relations. Universalist's are involved in different kinds of programs, focusing attention on current social policy (health, unemployment insurance, employment and other programs of social assistance). The institutional approach is based on attempt of equality or relative equality.

This institutional model is aimed to correct mistakes of inequality as result of current situation at economic market in the country. The American government system can be considered the greatest achievement toward the goals of liberal freedoms. We know that America is often associated with freedom. Some historians and sociologists consider that American citizens built a great nation because they were neither limited by their government system, nor dependent on it.

The US government respects sovereignty of individuals as well as their individual freedoms. Robert Kagan expresses the idea of differences between Europe and the United States. American nation is more likely to accept individual liberties than choosing limitations to build a stronger society. Bush declares the importance of liberties and individual choice, as it is written in the American Constitution, even if it weakens collective societies.

The United States Constitution was written to restrict the powerful force of government from interfering with an individuals life. (Blitz, J. H. , p. 1) Reading the Kagans article, we come to conclusion that development of modern technocratic Western civilization (European countries) means gradual loss of civil freedoms, rights for non-interfering into private life and loss of rights for non-disclosure of personal information. The ideal of American liberalism and freedom guarantees fully the economic independence and welfare. The idea of welfare doesnt evoke limitations of civil freedom as in European countries. The interest of society depends on our liberal ideology on integrity, conscience, understanding of civil freedoms and their importance for American nation.

The goal of United States policy is to support and develop democratic institutions in different countries and world cultures. America will never impose its will on citizens. Justice cannot exist without sovereignty as well as concept of human rights cannot exist without freedom. And ideology of liberalism is based on the individualistic value of personal freedom. Liberals are interested in functioning of social and legal institutions more than other politicians. They underline importance of scientific principles and their implementation into life.

Liberals have to obey principles of post hoc, ergo proper hoc, (as it happens when politicians try to copy social and political institutions existing in other wealthy countries) as well as principles of liberalism. The principle of liberalism supports freedoms of individual as part of society. The essence of this ideology is defined in two principles of Rolls that can be called liberties. They include right of manufacturer for manufactured production, right for equality, self-expression and other liberties.

The first principle is as follows: every man has equal rights. The second principle proclaims that social and economical inequalities should bring advantages to all the people. There are conflicts between supporters of liberalism and their opponents. Politicians argue that liberal ideology proposes expansion of individual rights on a cosmopolitan basis, without deference to the existing system of nation-states and without any involuntary subordination of some peoples to others. (Rogers M. Smith, p. 2). The conflict is based mainly on advocacy of property rights that encourage industrious activity via the creation of markets for goods, services, and capital that stimulate production, trade, investment, and consumption. (Rogers M.

Smith, p. 2). Yet, liberalism is rather institutional limitation of non-liberties than unlimited and absolute liberty. We make a trivial assertion that a man in society will never have absolute liberty. Opponents of liberalism often base their attacks on this assertion.

Really, the definition of liberty is poly semantic and supposes definite limitations and minor reservations. So, before we analyze the limitations of liberties, we have to understand why some people dont like the idea of absolute freedom. We cannot forget that a man is responsible for his actions, welfare and life. Not all the people are able to be responsible.

Liberal principles suppose independent decisions. However, it is easier to take decisions when they are determined by system of rules and behaviors accepted by society. Liberalism has a lot of opponents. The supporters of totalitarianism are the bitterest enemies of liberalism.

However, there are lots of people that speak relatively negative with regard to modern liberalism. They adhere to the opinion that liberalism is a good ideology but, unfortunately, it has little in common with reality. Hence, such ideology is useless. You can find supporters of this opinion among bureaucrats, pseudo-patriots and nationalists. Everybody who denies liberal ideas, wish to improve the well-being of their countries and nations. However, their ideas are ineffective and sometimes produce negative effect.

Liberalism cannot be considered a doctrine never subjected to criticism. Evolution of liberalism is impossible without competition among other ideologies, scientific theories and other tendencies in the modern society. Some scholars claim that we have reached the end of our ideology. Is it true? Actually, the period 1789 - 1989 can be called a period of birth, growth and decline of liberalism as global ideology. Liberalism is a centrists doctrine.

The supporters of liberalism are sure in their humanity and wisdom. In 1989 Francis Fukuyama published an article The End of History where he proclaimed the world victory of liberal democracy over other ideologies. The next ten years proved the right to be called the most liberal epoque in the modern history of mankind due to decline of communist system in the Easter Europe, devastation of The Evil Empire and decline of communist ideology all over the world (in China as well). Yet, when Francis Fukuyama wrote about the end of history and the end of our ideology, he measured the success of the victorious ideology by a single criterion: the ability of the world ruling class to destroy, suffocate, corrupt, or discredit any constructive alternative to itself. (Boris Kagarlitsky, p. 1) The defeat of neo-liberalism is no longer a question for debate writes Boris Kagarlitsky in Monthly Review (p. 1). He considers that liberalism have already exhausted its ideological potential. Wallenstein notes that historical ideologies of capitalism (as well as liberalism) are exhausted (After Liberalism (NY, 1995) ).

His researches show that we are not sure in reality of liberalism. So, what about the liberalism? Is it still alive? Can we call it our ideology in the modern society that provides us with necessary liberties?

I think that although liberalism has lost former popular support, it is quite strong ideology. In some respects, the American liberalism is all-powerful. We need to grow liberal ideology and find compromise settlement between conflicting political parties. Liberal ideology makes great contribution to interests of individuals Concepts of equality, the development of ideology, and development of what we consider the democratic liberties these main liberal positions prove their vitality in the modern world. I consider Liberalism the best ideology because it is an ideology of freedom, law and welfare. It includes legal institutions, - i.

e. governmental institutions with limited plenary powers and stipulate freedom; thanks to freedom we make the society wealthy and prosperous. Change is the only constant but I consider that liberal ideology is a constant change. It is always up to date. Bibliography: Blitz, J. H. , Measuring individual freedom.

Libertarian International. Network of liberty-minded individuals and organizations. September, 2004. Kagarlitsky, Boris. The agony of neo-liberalism or the end of civilization? Monthly Reviews.

June 1996. Retrieved February 11, 2005. web Rogers M. Smith.

Unfinished liberalism Liberalism. Social Research, Fall, 1994. Retrieved February 11, 2005. web


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