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Example research essay topic: Code Napoleon Satellite States Europe - 1,173 words

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... contributed to the eventual weakening of the Napoleonic Empire. In 1809, Napoleon defeated the Austrians again at Wagram, annexed the Illyrian Provinces and abolished the Papal States. By this linking his dynasty with the oldest ruling house in Europe, he hoped that his son, born in 1811, would be the more readily accepted by established monarchs. Also in 1810, the empire reached its widest extension with the annexation of Bremen, Lubeck, and other parts of north Germany, together with the entire kingdom of Holland, followed the forced abdication of Louis Bonaparte. The impact of Napoleon on the political and social structure of Europe was not everywhere the same.

It was greater in territories that were annexed than in satellite states, and greater in satellite states than in those which were occupied only with difficulty and by force of arms. Where French Revolutionary armies had passed before, overturning feudal and ecclesiastical institutions, there Napoleonic rule had a firmer grip. French military support for local rulers enabled them to undertake by 'revolution from above' what as minor enlightened despots in the eighteenth century they had failed to achieve. But Napoleon was above all a dynasties and conqueror: what he required from subject territories was men and money. If they could be provided without administrative reforms, so much the better. Some states which remained sovereign imitated Napoleon's methods in order to weaken traditional elite or to strengthen state-power.

Far more common however was resistance to Napoleon, whether blind peasant hostility to taxes and conscription, the defense of aristocratic, ecclesiastical, and corporative privileges, or liberal opposition to arbitrary, bureaucratic, and foreign rule. In all the new kingdoms created by the emperor, the Code Napoleon was established as law. Feudalism and serfdom were abolished, and freedom of religion established (excluding Spain). Each state was granted a constitution, providing for universal male-suffrage and a parliament and containing a bill of rights. French-style administration and free public schools were envisioned. Higher education was opened to all that qualified, regardless of class or religion.

Every state had an academy or institute for the promotion of the arts and sciences. Incomes were provided for eminent scholars, specifically scientists. Constitutional government remained only a promise, but progress and increased efficiency were widely realized. Not until after Napoleon's fall did the common people of Europe, alienated from his governments by war taxes and military conscription, fully appreciate the benefits that he had given them. It was evident through these actions of Napoleon that he not only wanted the land for France but he wanted to spread a common lifestyle throughout Europe. In 1812, Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had begin to disintegrate, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. (Thereafter all of Europe united against him, although he fought on brilliantly, the odds were impossible. ) In April 1814, his marshals refused to continue the struggle.

They had felt Napoleon disrespected his army, and said they were not given the privileges they desired. Napoleon, although he lived his life with one theory regarding his men, ("When soldiers have been baptized in the fire of the battlefield, they have all one rank in my eyes... ") (IV pg. 15) therefore felt that his marshals shall be given no special treatment. ] Latter allies had rejected his stepping down in favor of his son, Napoleon was abdicated unconditionally and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Marie Louise and his son were put into custody of her father, the emperor of Austria. Napoleon never was to see either one of them again, but he himself soon made a dramatic comeback. In March 1815, he escaped from Elba, reached France, and marched on Paris winning over the troops sent to capture him. In Paris, he promulgated a new and more democratic constitution, and veterans of his old campaigns flocked to his support.

Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first. The result was a campaign into Belgium, which ended in a defeat in the Battle of Waterloo on June 8 th, 1815. In Paris crowds begged him to fight on, but the politicians withdrew their support. Napoleon then fled to Rochefort, where he surrendered to the captain of the British battleship Bellerophon.

He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until he died from stomach cancer on May 5 th, 1821. The cult of Napoleon as the "man of destiny" began during his lifetime. In fact, he has begun to cultivate it during his first Italian campaign by systematically publicizing his victories. As first consul and emperor, he had engaged the best writers and artists of France and Europe to glorify his deeds and had contributed to the cult himself by the elaborate ceremonies with which he celebrated his rule, picturing himself as the architect of France's greatest glory. He maintained that he had preserved the achievements of the Revolution in France and offered their benefits to Europe. His goal, he said, was to found a European state- a "federation of free peoples" (V pg. 15).

Whatever the truth of this, he became the arch-hero of the French and a martyr to the world. In 1840 his remains were returned to Paris at the request of King Louis-Philippe and interred with great pomp and ceremony on the Invalids, where they still lie. Napoleon's influence is evident even in France today. Reminders of him dot Paris-the most obvious being the Arc de Triomphe, the centerpiece of the city, which was built to commemorate his victories. His spirit pervades the constitution of the Fifth Republic; the country's basic law is still the Code Napoleon, and the administrative and judicial systems are essentially Napoleonic. A uniform state-regulated system of education persists.

Napoleon's radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 19 th century. Today, the impact of the Code Napoleon is apparent in the law of all European countries. Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. "Power is my mistress" (VI pg. 176), he said. His life was work-centered; even his social activities had a purpose.

He could bear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food, bad wine, and for cheap tobacco. He could be hypnotically charming for a needed purpose of course. He had intense loyalties to his family and old associates. Even so, nothing or nobody, were allowed to interfere with his work. Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authoritarian.

But one who believed, however in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed on plebiscites. He was also a great-enlightened monarch-a civil executive of enormous capacity who changed French institutions and tried to reform the intuitions of Europe and give the Continent a common law. Few historians deny that he was a military genius. For his enlightened government, but surely the latter must be counted if he is justly to be called "Napoleon the Great.".. Bibliography:


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Research essay sample on Code Napoleon Satellite States Europe

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