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After the Renaissance has changed the social rules and perceptions of medieval ages the European culture appeared in the stage when another cultural breakthrough became to be absolutely necessary. At this time the birth to new streams of cultural development was given by the eighteenth century. Briefly this period can be classified as educational era. The neoclassic stream in the literature was concerned with making the reader reason and judge critically. During this time, Newton and other famous intellects were springing fourth new ideas. An Enlightenment epoch provided for a radical change in the way of thinking about religion, economics, political philosophy, and education.
The Enlightenment invested man with inalienable rights. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern science and by the aftermath of the long religious conflict that followed the Reformation, the thinkers of the Enlightenment were committee t secular views based n read r human understanding nly, which they he would provide a basis fr beneficial changes affecting every area f life and thought. Denis Direct, Claude Adrien Helvetius, Barn dHl bach, the Marquis de Cndrcet, and Julien for de La Mettrie (1709 - 51) - advocated a philosophical rationalism deriving its methods frm science and natural philosophy that would replace religion as the means f king nature and destiny f humanity; these men were materialists, pantheists, r atheists. ther enlightened thinkers, such as Pierre Bayle, Voltaire, David Hume, Jean Le Rnd D alembert, and Immanuel Kant, posted fanaticism, but were either agnostic r left rm fr sme kind f religious faith. All f the philosophes saw themselves as continuing the wrk f the great 17 th century pioneers - Francis Back, Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, Isaac New, and Jan Like - wh had developed fruitful methods f rating and empirical inquiry and had demonstrated the possibility f a world remade by the application f knowledge fr human benefit.
The philosophes believed that science could reveal nature as it truly is and shw hw it could be controlled and manipulated. This belief provided an incentive t extend scientific methods int every field f inquiry, thus laying the groundwork fr the development f the modern social sciences. The enlightened understanding f human nature was ne that emphasized the right t self-expression and human fulfilment, the right t think freely and express nes views publicly with censorship r fear f repression. The political writers f the Enlightenment built n and extended the rationalistic, republican, and natural-law there that had been evolved in the previous century as the bases f law, social peace, and just re. Their wrk she that although all people shared a can human nature, each nation and every age als had distinctive characteristics that made it unique. Everywhere the Enlightenment produced restless men impatient fr change but frustrated by popular ignorance and facial repression.
This gave the enlightened literati an interest in popular education. They posted educational ventures and such in witty, amusing, and even titillating ways t educate and awaken their contemporaries. The scepticism f the philosophes was swept away in the religious revival f the 1790 s and early 1800 s, and the cultural leadership f the landed aristocracy and professional men wh had supported the Enlightenment was ended by the growth f a new wealthy educated class f businessmen, products f the industrial revolution. nly in Not and Such America, where industry came later and revolution had nt led t reaction, did the Enlightenment linger int the 19 th century. Its lasting heritage has been its contribution t the literature f human free and sme institutions in which its values have been embodied. Included in the latter are many facets f modern government, education, and philanthropy French Revolution and Naplen Europe has been the full pint in history fr hundreds f years.
It has been the stating and ending place f many empires. Europe in the Nineteenth Century was a very critical pint in history. Wars were being fight, boundaries f countries changed, countries were being unified, revlutin's destroyed countries, but the mst critical happening that did mre t shape Eurpe's character and structure in the Nineteenth Century, than any ther event was the era f the French Revolution and Naplen. The era f the French Revolution and Naplen tk place between the years f 1789 and 1850 and has impacted Europe the mst in the Nineteenth Century. Not only the eighteenth century provided for the next episode of the world art development but also for the new way of thinking, which has shaped the world for the several upcoming epochs. It is in those times when the first great intellectual and technological breakthroughs have been made.
Most of the todays success is due to the Enlightenment era of 18 th century. Bibliography: Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
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Research essay sample on Nineteenth Century Eighteenth Century
