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... tion system was organized by Ciganovic. The entry of the criminals and their weapons into Bosnia and Herzegovina was carried out by the main border officials of Shabatz (Rade Popovic) and Losnitza as well as by the customs agent Budivoj Grid of Losnitza, with the complicity of several others. On the occasion of handing over this note, would Your Excellency please also add orally that -- in the event that no unconditionally positive answer of the Royal government might be received in the meantime -- after the course of the 48 -hour deadline referred to in this note, as measured from the day and hour of your announcing it, you are commissioned to leave the I. and R. Embassy of Belgrade together with your personnel.
the Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia On June 28 th, 1914, while traveling in a motorcade through Sarajevo, a Serbian Nationalist assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. The European continent was divided in to two confrontational alliances, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, who were on the brink of war. Europe, at that time, was described as a powder keg that was waiting to explode. The spark that ignited the first Great War occurred when Austria-Hungary issued an unacceptable, harsh ultimatum to Serbia in response to the Archdukes assassination. This document was the excuse that the two great powers needed to declare war on each other and bring about a conflict that encompassed the entire world. The ultimatum was delivered Thursday, July 23 at 6 P.
M. and required a reply from Serbia, by 6 P. M. on the following Saturday.
The opening of the document described the events that had taken place when the Archduke was assassinated and illustrated the ongoing tension between their two nations regarding the territory of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary condoned the Serbian government of for tolerating propaganda and organizations that were designed to rally public support against the Austro-Hungarian government. Serbia was accused of violating an agreement between their two governments in 1909 to curb any movements against the Austria-Hungary Kingdom. In order to prevent war Serbia was required to comply with all 10 demands that Austria-Hungary listed. The ultimatum contained the official results of the investigation conducted by Austria-Hungary officials. In order to prevent war, Serbia had to accommodate all of the demands, accept the result of the Austrian-Hungarian inquiry, and the Royal Government of Serbia was required to publish, on the front page of the Official Journal, a statement condemning the propaganda against Austria Hungary.
The fifth demand, one of the more severe directives, ordered Serbia to allow Austrian officials in their country to suppress the uprising against the Monarchy. The sixth request would have allowed Austrian agents to participate in the investigation of the assassination. Basically Serbia was ordered to allow Austria to invade and direct their government affairs without a declaration of war. The ultimatum demanded the arrest of two individuals, Major Voislav Tankosic and Milan Ciganovic, who were believed to have masterminded the assassination of Francis Ferdinand.
The Serbian government was ordered to disband a group of nationalists, the Narodna Odbrana, and any similar societies. In addition, Serbia had to remove any military or government official, who had campaigned against Austria-Hungary, from their post. Finally, Serbia was directed to notify Austria-Hungary with the actions they were taking in accordance to the ultimatum immediately. Austria attached the conclusion of their investigation into the murder of the Archduke, as an appendix to the ultimatum. Austria believed that the plot was formed in the Serbian capitol of Belgrade. The result of the investigation stated that training for the assassination occurred on Serbian soil and the weapons used were furnished from the armories of Serbian military forces.
Austria-Hungary accused five individuals Gavrilo Princip (the assassin), Nedeljko Cabrinovic, Milan Ciganovic, Tricks Grabesch, and Major Via Takosic of directly participation in the plot against Archduke Francis Ferdinand. The tension arose between the two governments of Austria-Hungary and Serbia after the congress of Berlin in 1879. The German Kaiser Bismark negotiated a peace treaty, which entitled Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, which were primarily inhabited by Serbians. The archduke was chosen as a target for assassination because Serbians feared that he would heighten persecution of Serbs living within the boundaries of the Austrian-Hungarian empire if he claimed the throne. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had trained a small group of teenage operatives to infiltrate Bosnia and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. It is unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot.
However, according to Larry MacDonald in his book The First Months of Fighting the leader of the Black Hand was Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the head of Serbian military intelligence. The Austro-Hungarian government feared attack from Russia. In 1879 Austro-Hungary and Germany agreed to form a Dual Alliance. This became the Triple Alliance when in 1882 it was expanded to include Italy. The three countries agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia.
In 1907 Russia formed a union with England and France in an alliance known as the Triple Entente. In 1914 Serbia was under the protection of the Russian government. Russia vowed to use military force to protect Serbia if Austria-Hungary decided to invade. The Austro-Hungarian government waited for over 3 weeks after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to issue their ultimatum. During this time the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and his Imperial Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg vowed that Austria-Hungary could rely on German support whatever for whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia, in effect offering Austria-Hungary a blank check After Austria received confirmation of German support they issued their ultimatum to Serbia. After Serbia rejected the ultimatum a domino effect occurred, on July 28 th 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
Germany declared war on Russia and France with in days of Austria's declaration and World War I erupted. Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with a lengthy list of demands, with only a 48 hour period in which to comply. After the Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand I believe that Austria should have reacted to the threat that this situation presented. The demands to abolish all propaganda against the Austria-Hungarian Kingdom and take legal action against certain officials, that the preliminary investigation concluded were guilty of committing the murder, were all in my mind reasonable requests.
There is evidence that supports that the Serbian Government supported the movement by turning a blind eye and secretly provided training to the Black Hand Assassins. With officials like Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the head of Serbian military intelligence, actively participating in terrorist activities it is rational to demand removal of certain government officials from their offices. However given the Alliance System that had been established and the continuing bad blood that has been boiling in the Baltic Peninsula; I believe that forcing agents of the Triple Alliance to control all investigations and proceedings concerning the murders in Sarajevo was too harsh. Prince Alexander, from Serbia, responded by stating compliance is an absolute impossibility for any nation that has the slightest regard for its dignity. I agree with this statement, the terms of the ultimatum were unacceptable for any independent nation to accept willingly. Our textbook The Western Heritage, Seventh Edition states that it is speculated that Germany was secretly preparing for war.
I dont believe any nation state realized the sheer amount of devastation and loss of human life as a result of these alliances. Perhaps this document was created on the belief that Triple Alliance was intimidating enough to prevent Russia from intervening in the affairs of Serbia. Once Austria-Hungary received the German Blank Check pledge they issued their ultimatum to Serbia understanding that the Serbs would reject their demands. On July 23 rd 1914, following the murder of Archduke Ferdinand, the Austria-Hungarian Empire issued an ultimatum to Serbia. The terms and conditions of the ultimatum were so severe that the likelihood of Serbia yielding to their demands was improbable. In retrospect the assassination, the negative propaganda, and the continuing dispute over the Baltic Peninsula were extreme problems.
However these were not issues that warranted the Globe to become involved in a war with heavy casualties. Had Austria-Hungary been more yielding while writing their ultimatum it is possible that the Alliances could have maintained their uneasy truce, if not indefinitely peace may have been possible, at least for a while. A secret, patriotic society, the Narodna Odbrana or 'Defense of the People' was founded in Serbia in approximately 1908. Its intent was to strengthen a spirit of nationalism. As well, volunteer cells prepared to take 'special and independent military action' were part of its organizational structure. Gavrilo Princip apparently held membership in this society.
The following was a description of the society's program, which appeared in the Narodna Odbrana, published by the Central Committee of the Narodna Odbrana Society. Bibliography: None
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Research essay sample on Archduke Francis Ferdinand Order To Prevent
