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Example research essay topic: Risk Of Developing Lung Cancer - 987 words

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Radiological Determinant of Water Asbestos is a general name applied to a cluster of silicate minerals consisting of thin, divisible fibers in a parallel arrangement. Asbestos was found in water and appears to be dangerous to health. Different criteria are used to recognize asbestos fibers, depending on the context. In general, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulate as fibers those particles of the regulated mineral classes longer than 5 m in length. Asbestos fibers do not have any detectable odor or taste.

They do not melt in water or evaporate and are resistant to heat, fire, and chemical and biological degradation. (Olson, 1989: 1413 - 1414). The exact mechanism relating asbestos exposure with lung cancer is not completely understood. The combination of tobacco smoking and asbestos exposure greatly increases the risk of developing lung cancer. EPA has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for asbestos fibers in water as 7, 000, 000 fibers longer than 10 m in length per liter, based on an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps. The state of Montana, and several other states, uses the same value as a human health water quality standard for surface water and groundwater. (ATSDR, 2002). Many of the people were unaware that they were being exposed to radiological substances such as asbestos, silica and uranium.

Therefore, the studies were conducted to identify the risk of cancer and other serious diseases. Radiological health physicist, points out, documentation of the inhumane program was massive, solid, and publicly available. But the major news media were not interested. AS asbestos was found in water, it became essential to study its influence on a persons health, cancer in particular.

The main objective of the studies was to characterize lung fiber burden and its association with severity of asbestosis. The Quebec chrysotile mining region has been, at least during the past two decades, a convenient place for the study of relative health effects of chrysotile, and to some extent, tremolite. The incidence of asbestos-related diseases -- for example, pleural calcification, radiographic al abnormalities, and, more strikingly; mesothelioma -- has always been higher among miners. Selected subjects of this study should have been delegate of each mining region. In Quebec province, the rate of autopsy among the general population of workers is unknown.

The rate was 10 % in 1986, but a previous calculation in the McDonald birth cohort showed a higher (17 %) overall autopsy rate among workers, up to 1975. (Liddell, 1991: 79 - 83). It is clear that a marked selection for possible asbestos-related cancers can occur for those autopsied; however, for asbestosis, the question is less clear, as this is rarely a cause of death among chrysotile miners and millers. Although all of our subjects had asbestosis and autopsy reports were available for all of them, the occurrence of selection bias remains very likely because they all had multiple causes of death (e. g. , lung cancer, mesothelioma).

In general, necropsy selection bias, whether recognized or not, is always a factor in studies of lung asbestos fiber content, as necropsies may be performed in response to work histories. (Gibbs, 1992: 189 - 97). The standard mortality ratio for lung cancer was higher among workers at Thetford-Mines (1. 89) than among workers from Asbestos region (1. 55) for cumulative exposures that exceeded 100 million particles per cubic fiber x year (much / y ). Crude death rates for death from pneumoconiosis and mesothelioma were also higher among miners and millers of Thetford-Mines than among workers from Asbestos region. In 1997, it was reported the most recent follow-up data (i. e. , average SMR of 1. 07 for all causes of death) for the same cohort of Quebec chrysotile miners. However, the SMR for deaths occurring between 1950 and 1992 was higher among miners and millers of Thetford-Mines (1. 65) for cancers of the trachea, bronchus, and lung than among miners of Asbestos region. (ATSDR, 2002).

In 2000, no asbestos fibers were detected in sampling of influent and effluent water at the water treatment plant. Some people drink groundwater from private wells. According to EPA officials, a number of private wells have not been tested for asbestos. Because asbestos fibers are not readily transported through soil, it is unlikely that contamination from waste piles, processing operations, or vermiculite in soil would reach the groundwater. Therefore, because site-related asbestos contamination is unlikely, and because the inhalation pathways described above are the major contributors to risk. (ATSDR, 2002).

Asbestos minerals fall into two courses: serpentine and amphibole. Serpentine asbestos has relatively long and flexible crystalline fibers and includes chrysotile, the predominant type of commercial asbestos. Amphibole asbestos minerals are brittle and have a rod- or needle-like shape. Amphibole minerals regulated as asbestos by OSHA include five classes: fibrous tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, crocidolite, and ammonite. However, other amphibole minerals, including wichita, richter ite, and others, can exhibit fibrous asbestiform properties. (Liddell, 1991: 79 - 87). The research mentioned and applications of radiological analyses in recent years demonstrated that we could take meaningful samples for the detection of a variety of chemical, physical, and biological toxicants in water.

The challenge for the future is to continue the evolution of reliable techniques in order to keep and produce clean water. These are necessary to improve qualitative determinations of surface loading and dust concentrations. Words: 848. Bibliography: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Preliminary findings of Libby, Montana Asbestos medical testing. URL: web Accessed October 29, 2002.

Gibbs GW, Lachance M. Dust exposure in the chrysotile asbestos mines and mills in Quebec. Arch Environ Health 1992; 24: 189 - 97. Liddell D. Asbestos in the occupational environment.

In: Liddell D, Miller K (Eds). Mineral Fibers and Health. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: 1991; pp 79 - 87. Olson, B. H. (1989), "The safety of our drinking water: Reason for concern but not alarm, " New Eng J of Med 320: 1413 - 1414.


Free research essays on topics related to: lung, lung cancer, asbestos, risk of developing, fibers

Research essay sample on Risk Of Developing Lung Cancer

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