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Example research essay topic: Social Behaviour T J - 2,957 words

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Play in Dogs Play means much in a dogs life and its development. Plays share in everyday dogs activities is very considerable. Some dogs love to play at a mature age, some even when they are senior. Humans should not overlook dogs calls to play, even when dogs have an opportunity to play with their mates. When playing with people, a dog learns to understand our words, gestures and mimics much better. A young dog or a puppy gets very connected to a person playing with it and people are able to watch how dogs behave while playing with them.

Puppies develop fast: at the age of six weeks, they start growing and raise their paw at their rival. When a mature dog does that, it means it feels aggressive. When a puppy does that, however, it demonstrates that it is ready to play. At first, a puppy is clumsy and can loose balance.

Later, it becomes more and more confident in its actions. Once a puppy started to play, one can say it has reached an age, when an owner and other family members should start taking care of another area of their dogs development its play (Serpell and Paul). Dogs play can be characterized in many different ways. An animal, while being in a playful mood, acts naturally and instinctively, it forgets about commands and behaves completely unconsciously.

Play may be characterized as a series of instinctive acts, where characteristic instincts are absent. At the same time, a dog in a playful mood wants to be in a situation or find an object, which will help it to satisfy its play instinct. Both humans and dogs have favorite toys: one sight of them makes them want to play. Dogs often play with objects they never use in everyday life, such as pieces of wood, balls, robe, old shoes and other things that can be easily fetched and that would not damage their mouths (Poulton).

While playing, a dog is not usually crossing the allowed limits: e. g. a dog can play with its owners hand without creating real danger of harming or biting it. Any dog that lives with people can determine the amount of effort needed to play safely.

It is possible to perform an experiment: bent a finger and bring it to the corner of a dogs mouth suggesting unbending it (BSAVA). A dog will determine exactly, what amount of effort is necessary to unbend a finger, it will be possible to play without any damages. However, if one placed a finger, for example, in a cardboard case, a dog would be deprived of a possibility to regulate force of bite and could, strongly snapping teeth and injure a finger; it would not even understand what it has been punished for. The dog would know that it has played with object similar to cardboard and it was always ok to do whatever it wanted with them. If one puts his / her hand in a glove, a dog would treat covered fingers as uncovered fingers and would not bite too strongly (Poulton). One of the most characteristic dog motions during the game is strong shaking of a toy.

This motion has to do with a food-obtaining instinct. However, during play, dogs use it to test their force and to attract a mate or a human to play. Therefore, play that includes motions characteristic for an aggressive mood or sexual motions (usually typical for puppies) are interrupted once a dog receives a motive for another motion. A smell of food can motivate the dog to stop playing and start searching where this smell is coming from, an appearance of a human will call for a desire to greet him / her , etc. When a dog is really aggressive or really wants to mate, it would not react to any irritants, such as food, and will carry on its actions until they are finished (Poulton).

Besides inborn forms of play, dogs often acquire new ones. For example, if a dog is holding a ball in his mouth decides to jump on a chair, the ball falls down and starts to bounce, the dog will jump down and will try to catch the ball. Once this is done, the dog will climb the chair again and drop the ball again. Because the dog likes the bouncing ball, it will perform actions, which will make the ball bounce climb a chair, in this case. Dogs like the unpredictable pleasant situations and are ready to create these situations in play (BSAVA). Since dg-dg ply is very similar t series things like fighting, hunting nd reproducing, dgs have gd ritualistic wy's f demonstrating tht their intentions re peaceful nd fun-living.

Dg ply is free initiated by ply invitation like ply bw r print the ir (especially with puppies). Even when dgs ply very roughly, they re usually first related; their lips usually cover their teeth (nt down by in sell). Dgs free brk in ply; this will usually be higher-pitched thn tht sme dg's fer-brk r warning-brk (BSAVA). Sometimes dgs will munt ech ther in ply. They re free excited, but nt in sex wy, nd it seems t be wy t bnd. It is ccsinlly shw f dominance, but nt less.

Sme dgs per t munt high-rating dgs in n tempt t find their page in grup tht is much mre complicated thn straight-line hierarchy. If plying dgs get t red, humn's might wnt t intervene. If dg is getting ver whelmed r is ver whelming see else, invite them t tke short be. N punishment is necessary: it's just better, nt penalty.

Dgs tht re red will free have their hir send n end, usually the "holes, " the res ver the shoulders nd just before the til. This does't necessarily men ggressin, just tht they re n high lert. Sme dgs get "red holes" mre easily thn ther's; it's like sme people wh get red in the fce very easily (BSAVA). Signs f confidence: erect since (standing the), til up, til wing in seller sweep, ers pricked up r related, direct lk; related, seller pupils. Signs f fer r concern: lowered since, til do r tucked under, til wing in quick, frantic buzz; line wy r turning hed wy t lk s tht whites f eyes shw ("we eye"); died pupils. Dgs free brk ut f fer, in n tempt t keep distance between themselves nd the Big Say Thing, especially if they re covered, fenced in, r n lesh (Bekoff and Daniels).

Dominant by pictures: Standing ver never dg, standing the, having the dominant dg's chin r pw ver never dg's shoulders, clay creating ther dgs licking t their lips; string. Sme confident, dominant dgs will re n their bck's, existing their bellies, in n tempt t resource mre shy r submissive dg, r t get tht ther dg t ply. They will be related when they d tht, nd usually still lk the ther dg in the eye. Sometimes meeting ("humping") never dg is sign f dominance, but nt less; this free-misunderstood gesture cn ls be used by lower-rating dg t try t demonstrate his llegince with higher-rating name (Bekoff and Daniels). Submissive by pictures: lowered hed nd by; living ther dgs t send ver them r hk their hed's ver their shoulders; licking t ther dgs' lips nd muth careers; line wy frm the ther dg; rating n by nd coming hed wy frm ther dg, while covering tucking their til (Bekoff and Daniels).

And dgs, the hierarchies re usually mentioned nd demonstrated very cully nd list less by mre submissive members f the pck (Font). Very high-rating niml's very send demonstrate their rnk, unless they lck confidence. Mst demnstrtins nd list ll fights tht car ver rnk re dne by the middle-rating r uncnfident members (Font). It hs been suggested tht ply is necessary prt of growing up for ll young social niml's nd tht without it they my not develop to their full potential. This does not per to be the cse, s niml's deprived of ply for reson's of sickness or ill health grow up to be behaviorally indistinguishable from their ply-site peers. This is not to sy tht "players" my not develop more rapidly thn their ply-deprived peers, just tht the end result often turns out to be more or less the sme.

If ply is not bsolutely imperative for norml development to develop, wht good is it? Well, ply is role-plying reverse for due behvior's nd s such will prepare youngster for wht lies hed. During ply, pups exercise their bodies nd minds, making them healthier nd server for it. In nature, this my give players the edge over their unrehearsed counterparts who my be still struggling to learn the Ps nd Qs of china etiquette or the rudiments of the case.

Note tht different types of ply unfold in parallel with sensitive periods of learning, so tht ply learning is most efficient (BSAVA). Mouthiness is first seen t 3 weeks of ge, right for the transition period. Then come ply solicitation, ply fighting, scruff holding, deference, nd finally sex ply. ll these forms of ply strt in the socialization period between 3 nd 6 weeks of ge nd they intensify s the pup porches dolescence. Object ply, chewing nd china objects, occurs little lter, becoming most intense for bout 16 to 20 weeks of ge (Font).

Social skills re honed by playful interactions between individuals. One pup my jump on nother pup, pin him, nd then mouth him round the hed nd neck. If the pressure of the pup's bite exceeds tolerable limits, the temporary underdog will roll over, yelp or run wy. Both prices learn n important lesson. The biter lern's to inhibit his bite if he wishes the fun to continue, nd the pup tht is bitten lern's tht deference or escape will case the unpleasant experience to come to n end. Of course, sudden role reverse is lso future of ply, with provisions subordinates suddenly becoming pursuers nd "tickets. " happy medium is reached when truly dominant dogs learn their gift for mystery, nd subordinates learn how to void or deter unpleasant exchange.

This my explain why dominant dogs re less successful thn their subordinates in soliciting ply (Font). look pups tht do not ply much, nd opened pups, often grow up to be social inappropriate. In repelling borders, they my send message tht is too profound, filing to inhibit their bite - nd they my not be ble to deliver convincing messge's of deference. This mostly tke's the form of mounting, closing nd pelvic thrusting ("humping").

The lck of seriousness is indicted by the somewhat hprd orientation of this behavior, initially. Mle nd female pups re equally likely to be targeted, or in their bench, peoples' legs nd cushions my have to suffice. Dogs tht have hd no humping experience will not be s immediately successful in main s previously reserved counterparts. lso, dogs without plates my imprint on invite objects or home pledges s substrates for humping behavior, nd become n embarrassment to own if not neutered. In dition, the relationship between humping nd dominance must be born in mind if the correct home-companion name relationship is to be preserved (Daniels). Young puppies have biological need to mouth nd chew malleable objects.

It seems to give them list undue pleasure. Unlike social nd sex ply, this type of ply does not require partner, though social-testing tug-of-wr gmes sometimes evolve s spin off. Of course, by teething time, t round 6 to 8 months of ge, object chewing becomes n extremely useful duvet to shirt with tooth loosening nd dental eruption, nd my even provide some relief from gingival discomfort (Font). China moving objects is sure wy of fine-tuning predatory skills. By china, stick china, nd lef china, re ll wy's in which this ply form is expressed. With pproprite opportunity nd guide, pups will learn the ins nd outs of the case how to celeste, turn on dime, be suddenly, nd how to pounce with church nd laity.

If deprived of ply predatory opportunities, dogs my resort to vacuum china of imaginary creatures, my pce, circle, or case their own til's. This is sd site of first. In my species, like wolves, ply is pretty much restricted to juveniles nd doles cents. dult's do not normally have the time or energy to with in such travel pursuits. Domestic dogs, however, seem to be enduring suspended in juvenile free of mind.

Thus ply is not something they outgrow but rather n cavity they keenly pursue throughout their lives. Unhealthy nd unhappy dogs do not ply, so ply serves s barometer of well being, indicting tht dog is well fed, in good health, nd content. Dogs, like humn's, do not ply when they " re sd or distressed. Dogs tht do not seem to enjoy plying should be carefully scrutinized to mke sure ll is well in their lives (Daniels).

Ply, by definition, is fun. When ply stops being fun it stops being ply. Ply is pleasurable cavity during which niml's engine in behvior's tht re not prt of the immediate business of life, but rather re performed in mimicry, reverse or display. During ply, dogs behave without rel seriousness - running, jumping, china, mouthing, chewing, wrestling, biting, hiding nd even humping.

In ply, ll behvior's re gme to the players nd re performed for fun. There is no hidden get. Dogs have unique gesture, the ply bow, tht signl's "ply mode. " The sign involves dogs going down on their elbows with their rer end elected, til red nd wing. During such posturing, they have on their "ply fce, " with mouth open nd ers pricked.

They my brk to sign their wish to solicit nother's involvement, nd my proc or withdraw from potential ply partner while pouncing nd living bout. To be sure, young niml's in general do ply more thn dult's, nd n xbox often quoted by ethologists, "The more you need to know, the more you need to ply, " is typically used to describe the behavior of the young. However, s the research on ply in due niml's cumulates, it pper's tht ply in older niml's communities message of confidence s well s learning. The wild name with time to ply with lef, or even nother name it would normally hunt for food, loudly nd clearly communities tht it not only hs enough energy to ccomplish its basic survival function nd reproduce, but lso some extr left over for fun. Naturally, those niml's who ply before they then to their essential needs get eliminated from the gene pool; but those who cn get the serious work of life done first then celebrate fterwrd rate confidence not present in their less efficient cohorts (Daniels).

Within the domestic ren, we see these sme principles t work. Granted only the smallest percentage of domestic puppies need to learn the basic survival skills of their wild china nestors. Nonetheless, their early ply with humn's, other niml's, nd objects cn do much to help them fit smoothly into our often complex home environments. Good breeders who routinely expose their pups to wide variety of different experiences under playful, upper circumstances do much to mke life easier for these niml's s well s for their future owners. s dogs grow older, ply serves other equally important functions. cavities spring the spectrum from the most simple gme of fetch to n intricate round of hide-nd-seek cn stimulate the mind nd body of even the most energetic dog living in the most limited home environment, thereby enhancing tht name's physical nd men well-being (Daniels).

But wht bout those pets who don't ply? Dogs who don't ply my not for physical, behavior, nd / or bond reson's. china couch potto's extr weight, lck of condition, nd men sluggishness my mke him reluctant to ply. In tht cse, only the simplest gmes (such s hiding by under pillow practically next to his nose) my per to him until he gets the has of things. Other times the dog's behavior notes ply (Serpell and Paul). Of ll the bond factors involved in ply, lck of home leadership in the home-china pck serves s the primary squelcher of the playful china spirit.

Dogs who feel obliged to police up busy home households nd their inhabitants reply have time to re, let lone ply. Owners who resolve pck-related problems often comment how much more playful their pets become (Serpell and Paul). Enjoyment differentiates ply from exercise or work fr more thn the nature of the cavity. nd while no scientific criteria exist to define china enjoyment, who doesn't recognize the special sure tht lights up dog t ply? Just thinking bout it is enough to mke one smile. Sources used: Bekoff, M.

and Daniels, T. J. (1 984) Life history patterns and comparative social ecology of carnivores. Ann. Rev.

Ecol. System 15: 191 - 232 Borcheit, P. L. Aggressive behaviour of dogs kept as companion animals: classification and influence of sex, reproductive status and breed (1 982) Applied Animal Ethology 10: 45 - 61 BSAVA Manual of Canine Behaviour.

ed O'Farrell V, BSAVA: Cheltenham 1992. Daniels, T. J (1982) The social organisation of free-ranging urban dogs. 1. non-o estrus social behaviour 2.

o estrus social behaviour. Applied Animal Ethology 10: 341 - 363 Font, E. (1987) Spacing and Social organisation: Urban Stray Dogs Revisited. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 319 - 328 Poulton, J. Is man really a dog's best friend?

Dogs 5: 20 - 50, 1975. Serpell. J. and Paul, E. Pets and the development of positive attitudes to animals.


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Research essay sample on Social Behaviour T J

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