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Example research essay topic: Objective Reality Mental Illness - 1,566 words

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Psychodynamic Approach (1) Theory of psychoanalysis suggests that ones behavior is being defined by constant interactions between individuals psyche, his mind and his personality. Therefore, the statement: Experiences or motives buried in the unconscious have a great influence on behavior correspond to the essence of psychodynamics as such that strive to explain peoples behavior, within a context of external circumstances forcing ego to constantly seek different ways for its realization. Therefore, during the course of writing this paper, we will view external circumstances as an independent variable, which has a great influence on how dependent variable - ones behavior, corresponds to metaphysical challenges, associated with these circumstances. In their article Reconciling Processing Dynamics and Personality Dispositions, theoreticians of modern dynamic psychology, Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda confirm the validity of earlier statement by suggesting that: Individuals characterized by dynamics in which angry feelings and aggressive impulses become activated in relation to aversive and frustrating experiences tend to show their prototypic behavior depending on competency demands of the situation (Mischel, Shoda, p. 235). Individuals psyche is best defined as the set of subconscious behavioral impulses that derive out his need to satisfy its irrational desires.

The practical realization of these desires is often impossible due to socio-political reality that defines our everyday living. Therefore, ego strives to find alternative ways to incorporate itself in persons existential mode. For example, our dreams is nothing but reality that is being digested by our subconsciousness to such an extent that ego becomes the essential component of such digested reality. Dreams allow us to satisfy our hidden desires, without our rational mind being able to play role in the process. People who had drunk little too much, usually have dreams of drinking cold water when they sleep individuals physical thirst gets to be relieved on subconscious level, before it is being relieved physiologically. In his article On the Quantum Psychodynamics of Dreams, Mark Germine explains Freudian interpretation of dreams, which relates to the main thesis of this paper: Manifest content of a dream may seem to be unpleasant, but this is just the conscious reaction to the latent content of the dream, which always fulfils a wish.

The latent content exists in the unconscious, and is altered when the dream comes into consciousness. In dreams, the gate of the unconscious is opened, but it is still guarded by the ego, by our view of our selves (Germine). Psychodynamics deal with components of psychological system as such that have great influence on each other, during the process of systems functioning. Just as any system subjected to physical laws, psycho-system strives towards stabilization. In other words, our ego prompts us to seek the realization of our desires.

In their turn, these desires can be viewed as the product of our ego coming in touch with objective reality; therefore, they can only be satisfied within a context of objective reality. The more our ego strives towards realization of a particular desire, the more it actualizes itself in the way we act. For example, if person have a really strong desire to become an owner of Harley-Davison motorcycle, the fact that his subconsciousness allows him to satisfy this desire in his dreams, cannot be associated with stabilizing persons psycho-system, as whole. This is why; such person will actually begin looking for the ways to make more money, in order to be able to afford buying a bike. Once, the bike is being bought, persons psycho-system becomes stabilized, but if it remains stabilized for too long, this person will become affected by the feeling of psychological inadequateness. This is why people who were able to satisfy all their needs suffer from the absence of ontological sense in their existence, in the same way with people who were never able to gain social prominence, no matter how hard they tried.

Therefore, we can say that the complete stabilization of psycho-system results in its disintegration. However, the continuous absence of stability, within a context of psychological dynamism (persons prolonged inability to satisfy his desires), also leads to the disintegration of psycho-system. Psychodynamics suggest that it is possible to define the degree of psycho-systems instability, associated with every particular person, with the mean of analyzing the components of persons behavior. Fantasies of the present unconscious are fantasized images of self and of ones relation to others that are adaptive responses to stresses encountered in ones ongoing interaction with the world says Kenneth Levin in his article Unconscious Fantasy in Psychotherapy, and we can only agree with the author. (2) As we have mentioned earlier, objective circumstances, as independent psychological variables, define ones behaviour to a significant degree. There have been many experiments conducted with twins that were separated at birth.

The results of these experiments point out to the fact that peoples behaviour is more sociologically then biologically predetermined. In its turn, this confirms the validity of dynamic psychology's main thesis ones psyche constantly interacts with objective reality and adjusts persons behaviour to correspond to this reality. However, psyches metaphysical properties remain unaffected. This is why we can easily predict persons emotional responses to different sets of circumstances, especially if we have known this person for a long time. The achievement is one of the main notions dynamic psychology operates with. It can also be viewed as dependent variable, which is defined by how persons ego interacts with reality.

In order for individual to be referred to as psychologically healthy, he needs to view his existence as a tool of achieving some higher goals. Ones ego strives to realize itself through achievement, because the degree to which person was able to gain social prominence, is being viewed by the ego as such that corresponds to persons existential value. In their book Analysis of Dynamic Psychological Systems, Ralph Levine and Hiram Fitzgerald make a good point when they suggest that: In the case of a psychological example, one might want to view achievement in light of a persons desired achievement. If, in a study, achievement is operationally defined as, let us say, the number of problems solved in a experimental session, the subjects evaluation of achievement might relate to the number of problems solved relative to the persons level of aspiration, that is, the number of problems the subject thinks he or she could or would want to solve (Levin, Fitzgerald, p. 109).

In other words, the normal functioning of persons psyche is only possible if it continuously presents individual with new tasks, which can only be achieved if individual adopts an active stance in life. Individuals biological, social and spiritual needs have objective properties, for as long as he or she is not affected by mental illness, therefore, even though these needs are closely related to persons irrational drives, they should still be viewed as independent variables. Dynamic psychology is a tool that allows us to rationalize seemingly irrational behaviours. The realities of post-modern living often prevent people from addressing their subconscious needs, which results in them becoming affected by so-called civilization al tiredness. It is important to understand that, despite the fact that many of these needs have self-destructive essence, it does not make them less natural. The analysis of behavioural variables allows us to come to conclusion as to whether these variables derive out of disintegration of psycho-system or whether they actually correspond to the process of reintegration.

For example, if person experiences psychological anxiety that is directed inwards, it can be viewed as indication of persons inability to fulfil its subconscious desires, within a context of existential objectivity. In its turn, this often lays foundation for the development of mental illness. In order for the psychologist to choose in favour of proper way of addressing patients mental anxiety, he needs to be able to adopt a position of unengaged observer, which in its turn, implies that he should be capable of distinguishing the independent and dependent variables of clients existential mode. In his article A Discussion of Intentional International Integration in Relational Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Jeffrey Terrell comes up with a similar conclusion: In depth models of psychotherapy the work of therapy requires greater neutrality and less directive ness, for if these unconscious forces are at work in the problems of the patient, then a more directive approach will only harden the patient's current means of coping (Terrell, p. 163). Thus, it would be wrong to think of our subconscious desires as thing in itself, as they constantly transform their very essence, because of being affected by circumstances, to which psychologists refer to as independent behavioural variables.

Therefore, we can say that existential dynamism is the key to attaining emotional comfort. Bibliography: Germine, M. On the Quantum Psychodynamics of Dreams. 2001. Ben Goertzel. Org. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from web Mischel, W.

and Shoda, Y. (1998) Reconciling Processing Dynamics and Personality Dispositions. Annual Review of Psychology V. 49, Pp. 229 - 58. Levin, K. (1996) Unconscious Fantasy in Psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, V. 50, Pp. 137 - 53. Levine, R. and Fitzgerald, H. (1992).

Analysis of Dynamic Psychological Systems. New York: Springer. Olesen, H. (2007). Theorising Learning in Life History: a Psychosocietal Approach. Studies in the Education of Adults. V. 39, No. 1, Pp. 38 - 53.

Abstract: This utilizes psychodynamic approach during the course of analyzing statement: Experiences or motives buried in the unconscious have a great influence on behavior. Outline: Part one Part two


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