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... is measured in millions of illegals. The increase in population due to immigration became the natural consequence of economic stability and prosperity of the United States. In case in the range from 1960 to 1970 the immigrants made up about 11 % of the increase in population, in the next ten years, from 1970 to 1980 they made up already 33 %, and in the subsequent ten years about 39 %. The share of population that was born outside the United States also increases.
As it is claimed by Morgan (2006), the share of population that was born outside the United States consistently increases. The U. S. government tried to undertake the appropriate measures in order to find solution to the problem of changing race and to 'save' the 'face' of America. In 1965 the U. S.
government has passed the new immigration law (Ludden, 2007). The qualitative and quantitative indexes of immigration were changed significantly. For example, before the law was adopted, more than 70 % of the U. S. visas were provided to the immigrants from England, Ireland, and Germany (compared to about 1 percent of the U. S.
visas for African countries, and 2 percent for Asian countries) (Rosenbaum, 1994). The liberals of the mid- 1960 s were unable to foresee the outcomes of the new legislation. Kennedy considered that the new regulation would be unable to make the U. S.
cities and towns overcrowded with immigrants and, naturally, would be unable to violate the ethical structure of the U. S. society (Rosenbaum, 1994). However, the results of the immigration law were completely different from those of predicted by the U. S. government.
The immigration law of 1965 resulted in, probably, the hugest inflow of immigrants (besides, the majority of these immigrants were of Latin American and Asian origin). In 1992 the U. S. White population made up 212, 912, 000 while non-White U. S. population made up 66, 408, 000 persons (i.
e. 72. 6 percent and 23. 8 percent correspondingly) (Morgan, 2006). The blacks made up 31, 635, 000 persons, Hispanics - 24, 238, 000 persons, Asians - 8, 401, 000, and Native Americans made up about 2, 134, 000 persons accordingly (Morgan, 2006). This so-called ethnic unevenness of in habitation of the various racial and ethical groups over the territory of the country was conductive to creation of non-White ethnic clusters (the areas of habitation where the given ethnic group makes up 35 and more percent of population), such as Texas, California, and New Jersey, to mention a few (Morgan, 2006). The process of hispanization of the U. S. South Western territories continues to occur.
Some researchers compare this hispanization to a so-called peaceful re-conquest of the territories that were previously taken away by the U. S. citizens from Mexico in the past century. Nowadays Hispanic population makes up about 28 percent of Texas population, and 31 percent of California's population (Morgan, 2006). At no time before the United States faced such kind of mass concentration of the representatives belonging to one strong ethnic group that, besides, consistently replenishes itself and becomes more and more populated due to the immediate vicinity of Mexico and the endless inflow of immigrants. The similar tendency can be traced also in case we examine the concentration of the immigrants from South-Eastern Asia, and the islands from the Pacific Ocean regions at the Western coast.
In result of territorial concentration the U. S. experiences the rapid growth and development of cities that became non-White (such as Miami, Washington, Detroit, Atlanta, New Orleans, and New York, to mention a few). The process of immigration in the United States causes a number of historically unprecedented issues in cultural and political areas. One of them directly relates to the unpredictable consequences of deceleration of the assimilation process in America. The U.
S. researchers focus attention on segmentary character of assimilation in the ethical and racial groups of immigrants. As they claim, the immigrants enter the groups that have much in common with them. Especially it relates to the original culture that significantly differs from the traditionally American one. To a certain extent, one can claim that the so-called melting pot is gradually replaced by the mosaics of racial and ethical communities. The increasingly low percentage of mixed marriages (interracial and interethnic marriages) may be also called on of these changes.
According to one of the recent surveys, only 2 percent of the White marriages were mixed (with Hispanics or non-Whites). What concerns African Americans, only 4 percent of them married people of the other ethnic origin (6 percent of males, and 2 percent of females, accordingly), and 70 percent of Hispanics, who were born in the U. S. married Hispanics (in the majority of cases of the same ethnic origin) (Morgan, 2006). Two thirds of Asians marry Asians (similar to Hispanics, in the majority of cases of the same ethnic origin). Japanese are the most endogamous among all other Asians (Sanjek, 2001).
In such a way, the metaphor of the universal melting pot that was uniting the immigrants from various countries into one universe nation, hardly corresponds to the reality, and, therefore, it was replaced by the concept of 'mosaics'. According to the concept of mosaics, there are specific ethical dissemination in the ethnic space of the modern White Anglo-Saxon America (Cose, 1997). The quantity of these dissemination's has considerably increased in result of so-called conjunction of various immigration groups, such as Russians, Latin Americans, and the representatives of the South-Eastern part of Asia. As far as America declares the philosophy of pragmatism, it strives to make the model of ethical mosaics an attractive one, claiming that this dissemination expresses the country's cultural diversity in its diversity of cultural communities. However, this kind of fragmentation of ethical identity may lead to tension and even conflicts due to diverse groups of interest and specific pressure on the process of decision making. This may occur, primarily, due to the fact that each of these ethnic groups displays interest to their ancestor's countries and strives to help their former co-countrymen.
In order to understand the seriousness of the problem, it is enough to remember the activity of Irish, Jewish, Armenian, Greek, Ukrainian, Russian, or African lobbying. Indeed, the race has gone through drastic changes during the past fifty years. The problem of ethical lobbying can be considered in fact as an issue related to inter political boundaries of the foreign policy. It is difficult to forecast whether the presence of self-circuited racial and ethical groups, those, who still have elements and stereotypes peculiar to their native cultures, may serve as the reliable and strong protection to the U. S.
policy. The problem of ethical sub-cultures and mentality may become the issue of primary importance in the country, where more than one third of the U. S. army is the representatives of various racial and ethical groups. The United States experience the stage of drastic changes in its racial composure.
However, it should be taken into account that these changes are not over. According to some researchers, these changes are so great that in less than one hundred years the non-Whites, such as Latin Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans, will exceed the Whites, the Americans of European origin. As it is claimed by the researchers, by 2080 the proportion of the Whites will decrease to 50 percent (from its present 74 percent), whereas the overall quantity of the non-Whites will considerably increase (Latin Americans to 23 percent, African Americans to 15 percent, and Asians to 12 percent, accordingly) (Sanjek, 2001). The changes in race are so great that there is an assumption that by 2035 only 49 percent of the U. S. children will be Whites (Sanjek, 2001).
As we have already mentioned before, the multiracial changes occur very quickly, compared to the other countries. In the coastal territories and large cities the changes in race occur considerably faster than in the small towns, suburban areas, and the villages. Many cities have crossed the majority-minority threshold approximately twenty five years ago, and the changes continue to occur. However, the changes in race are not as threatening as one can consider. These changes, to a great extent, reflect multicultural model of the United States, and the conviction that cultural, racial, and ethical changes are not only welcomes, but also are valued and treated as the nations strengths. Racial and ethical diversity is the chance the nation should use, but not the obstacle that should be overcame on the way to the U.
S. nation's prosperity. The major task of the U. S. society is not to get rid of the racial and ethical differences, but rather to find an appropriate way to manage society with such an abundance of races and ethnic groups. References America's Chinatown: A Community Plan. (n.
d. ). Retrieved October 28, 2007, from web Cose, E. (1997). Color-Blind: Seeing Beyond Race in a Race-Obsessed World. Portland, OR: Frank Cass. Ludden, J. (n. d. ). 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America.
Retrieved October 28, 2007, from web Mc Caa, R. (1993). Ethnic Intermarriage and Gender in New York City. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 24 (2), 207 - 231. Morgan, A.
N. (2006). The Authentic Voice: The Best Reporting on Race and Ethnicity. New York: Columbia University Press. Rosenbaum, E. (1994).
The Constraints on Minority Housing Choices, New York City 1978 - 1987. Social Forces, 72 (3), 725 - 747. Sanjek, R. (2001). Color-Full before Color Blind: The Emergence of Multiracial Neighborhood Politics in Queens, New York City. American Anthropologist, 102 (4), 762 - 772. Takaki, R. (1993).
A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books. Waller, L. (1998). Newspapers, Diversity and You. Princeton, NJ: The Dow Jones Newspaper Fund.
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