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Example research essay topic: Short Term Case Studies - 1,289 words

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Sustaining the momentum: Organizations with long-term targeted research goals have generally translated them into short-term milestones that can be achieved within a 2 -year time horizon for performance planning and reporting. Agencies that seek advances in knowledge in broad fields rather than targeted ones have not used the milestone approach to performance planning and reporting. Some agencies have had difficulty in implementing GPRA. When preparing GPRA strategic and performance plans, some agencies are more likely than others to highlight research activities. The major variable is the magnitude of research relative to the agency's other activities.

Submersion of research within large agencies makes it impossible for an integrated view of the federal science and technology investment to emerge through the GPRA process and is therefore a matter of concern for COSEPUP. The performance plans of the agencies tend to emphasize short-term applied research with practical outcomes. Some participants expressed concern that this emphasis would skew funding away from long-term research that is difficult to measure against annual milestones. Some participants indicated that a desirable result of GPRA would be to increase teamwork among the agencies, as well as to improve communication between research agencies and oversight entities, including Congress, OMB, and GAO. Another theme that recurred throughout the workshop was that the research community has a low level of awareness and is not strongly involved in the GPRA process. The education and training of graduate and undergraduate students are among the most important duties and durable legacies of the research agencies.

Yet, human resources was not thoroughly identified or addressed in most agencies' performance plans. Peer review was identified as the primary method for assessing the quality of research. However, the process by which peer review is applied varies widely among the agencies. Peer review of projects, grants, and contracts differs from peer review of programs and of intramural and extramural research. Those differences led COSEPUP to hold a third workshop focused on peer review and other methods for evaluating research. The primary argument against biblio metric analysis is that biblio metric measurements treat all citations as equally important.

However, many citations refer to routine methods or statistical designs, modifications of techniques, or standard data or even refute the validity of a paper. Citing the first-named author of a publication when the customs that determine the order in which authors are listed vary by fields causes other problems. In addition, different mores among research communities -- whether particular disciplines or countries -- can skew results when they are used comparatively (for example, far fewer outlets are available for Russian publications than for U. S. publications). Furthermore, in emphasizing counts, researchers are apt to take actions that artificially increase the number of citations they receive or reduce their research in fields that offer less opportunity of immediate or frequent publication or in critical related fields (such as education) that do not offer publication opportunities.

Peer review is the method by which science exercises continuous self-evaluation and correction. It is the centerpiece of many federal agencies' approach to evaluating proposed, current, and past research in science and engineering. Peer review, like all human judgments, can be affected by self-interest, especially the favoritism of friendship and the prejudice of antagonism. However, those distortions can be minimized by the rigor of peer selection, the integrity and independence of individual reviewers, and the use of biblio metric analysis and other quantitative techniques to complement the subjective nature of peer review.

Peer review is not equally appropriate across the wide span of research performed by federal agencies. We might visualize at one end of the spectrum the fundamental, long-term projects whose ultimate outcomes are unpredictable and at the other end programs of incremental or developmental work whose results are easier to predict within narrow time limits. Projects of the latter type can often be evaluated in a rigorously quantifiable fashion by appropriate metrics. It is for the former kind of research, whose results are not easily quantified, especially while the work is in progress, that peer review of quality and leadership is required and generally effective. Agency managers have the responsibility of designing review techniques that suit the nature of each individual research program being evaluated.

Historical accounts of the social and intellectual developments that led to key events in science or applications of science illuminate the discovery process in greater depth than other methods. The chief advantage of case studies is that they can be used to understand the effects of institutional, organizational, and technical factors on the research process and can identify important outcomes of the research process that are not purely intellectual, such as the collaboration of other researchers, the training of young researchers, and the development of productive research centers. Difficulties of case studies are that they can be expensive, and that the validity of the results and conclusions depends on the objectivity, investigative skills, and scientific knowledge of the persons doing them. Institutionalization Timelines: Initial St.

Studying and analyzing current laws Propose suggestions Express the ideas Transition Stage To figure out how labor relations laws are linked with trade Provide a prove that they are linked Try to show future benefits Institutionalization Stage Revise benefits Promote new laws Implement the laws Goal achieved Continuous re-evaluation, public communication, feedback, recognition and benefits Reflection/Analysis: Retrospective analyses are related to case studies in that they also try to reconstruct history; however, they focus on multiple scientific or technological innovations rather than just one. The goal is to identify linkages between innovations and particular types of antecedent events (usually either funding or research). Such analysis is usually done by a panel of experts or investigators. This method is most appropriate for assessing a particular type of accountability question (for example, impact of National Science Foundation funding on mathematics research). The primary disadvantage of this type of analysis is that it takes a long time to conduct and thus is not useful as a tool to provide short-term evaluations for improving research policy and management.

As noted earlier, maintaining leadership across the frontiers of science is a critical element of the nation's investment strategy for research (COSEPUP, 1993). The question addressed here is, whether an agency's or the nation's research and educational programs are at the cutting edge. This assessment is made by a panel of international and national academic and industrial experts in a given field and in related fields based on available quantitative and qualitative data. COSEPUP has conducted a number of experimental efforts on benchmarking the United States' position in selected fields. Programs can be benchmarked in a similar fashion. Interview: 03 / 02 / 2003 Carl Stevenson, Main Executive of WTO research department.

Question: Mr. Stevenson, can you tell me a little about WTO research? Carl Stevenson: Over the past several weeks I have tested 50 executives. Now I have a template that graphically shows that a typical opinion of superior executives in our company is that change needs to be done. Question: Why did you undertake this project? Carl Stevenson: The directors of WTO involved in startups repeatedly say that some of labor laws need to be corrected.

They say this from intuition and good experience. My research not only quantifies that intuition but also goes much deeper and broader. Question: Why is this important? Carl Stevenson: This project it considered very important because if it will be applied successfully the productivity of the company will arise. Question: How receptive have other workers been to your research and findings?

Carl Stevenson: Using my sample data I found out that in general, most of the workers agree with this project. Mr. Stevenson, I would like to thank you for taking time to share your insights with me. Carl Stevenson: You are welcome.


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Research essay sample on Short Term Case Studies

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