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Example research essay topic: Central Intelligence Agency Science And Technology - 650 words

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The main purpose of the CIA is to collect and analyze foreign intelligence information essential to the United States security (Central Intelligence Agency 254). The CIA also unifies the activities of other important agencies in the intelligence community such as the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency (254). The duties of the Central Intelligence Agency are numerous: engaging in research in military, scientific, and political fields, conducting counterintelligence activities in other countries, checking foreign television and radio broadcasts, taking part in espionage, and most importantly warning the President of the United States and the National Security Council about international occurrences (254). The four directorates of the CIA include Intelligence, Operations, Science and Technology, and Administration. The Intelligence Directorate examines intelligence that is collected both openly and secretly through spying, satellite pictures, and the blocking of communication (Kessler 99).

Perhaps the best known of the directorates is that of the Directorate of Operations (3). This directorate handles secret operations that include the concealed gathering of intelligence and other secret operations (3). Of the 22, 000 employees of the CIA, 5, 000 are in this directorate (3). This proud directorate takes the most chances and causes the most trouble for the CIA (3). In addition to the inventing of technological devices, the third directorate, that of Science and Technology, keeps the CIA informed about scientific and technology improvements (77, 165). The last directorate that of Administration, oversees the Office of Security that is charged with the safety of personnel, facilities, and other information (132, 165).

The war might have been inevitable but the attack on Pearl Harbor could have been prevented. The United States had deciphered many Japanese codes. One of these codes was the Purple Code; the top Japanese diplomatic machine cipher that used automatic telephone switches to separately and differently encipher each character sent. It was cracked by 331 men of the Army Signal Intelligence Service. Another code was J- 19. This was the main Japanese diplomatic codebook.

This columnar code was cracked. Also cracked was JN- 25 - The Japanese Fleet's Cryptographic System, a. k. a. 5 number codes. JN stands for Japanese Navy, introduced June 1, 1939. This was a very simple old-type codebook system used by the American Army and Navy in 1898 and abandoned in 1917 because it was insecure.

Version A has a dictionary of 5, 600 numbers, words and phrases, each given as a five-figure number. These were super-enciphered by addition to random numbers contained in a second codebook. The dictionary was only changed once before Pearl Harbor (PH) on Dec 1, 1940, to a slightly larger version B but the random book was changed every 3 to 6 months- last on Aug 1. The Japanese blundered away the code when they introduced JN 25 -B by continuing to use, for 2 months, random books that had been previously solved by the Allies.

That was the equivalent of handing over the JN- 25 B codebook. It was child's play for the Navy group OP- 20 -G (738 men whose primary responsibility was Japanese naval codes) to reconstruct the exposed dictionary. We recovered the whole thing immediately - in 1994 the NSA published that JN- 25 B was completely cracked in December 1940. In January 1941 the US gave Britain two JN- 25 B codebook's with keys and techniques for deciphering. The entire Pearl Harbor scheme was laid out in this code.

The official US Navy statement on JN- 25 B is the Naval Security Group History to World War II prepared by Captain J. Holtwick in June 1971 who quotes Captain Safford, the chief of OP- 20 -G, on page 398: "By December 1, 1941 we had the code solved to a readable extent. " Churchill wrote, "From the end of 1940 the Americans had pierced the vital Japanese ciphers, and were decoding large numbers of their military and diplomatic telegrams. "


Free research essays on topics related to: science and technology, central intelligence agency, national security, pearl harbor, 20 g

Research essay sample on Central Intelligence Agency Science And Technology

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