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Example research essay topic: House Of Commons King Charles - 1,040 words

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Cromwell, the only son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward was born in Huntingdon, England in 1599. His father, who was active in local affairs, had been a member of one of Queen Elizabeth's parliaments. Robert Cromwell died when his son was 18, but his widow lived to the age of 89. Oliver went to the local grammar school and then for a year attended Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. After his father died he left Cambridge to go care for his mother and sisters but it is believed that he studies at Lincoln's Inn in London, where gentlemen could acquire a smattering of law. In 1620 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a merchant in London.

They had five sons and four daughters. (Kathe, 1984) Both his father and mother were Protestants who had profited from the destruction of the monasteries during the reign of King Henry VIII, and they probably influenced their son in his religious upbringing. Both his schoolmaster in Huntingdon and the Master of Sidney Sussex College were enthusiastic Calvinists and strongly anti-Catholic. In his youth Cromwell was not very studious, since he enjoyed outdoor sports, such as hunting; but he was an avid reader of the Bible, and he admired Sir Walter Raleigh's The History of the World. Cromwell learned that the sins of man could be punished on earth but that God, through His Holy Spirit, could guide the elect into the paths of righteousness. (Kathe, 1984) In the early parts of his married life Cromwell, like his father, was quite conscious of his responsibilities to his fellow men and concerned himself with affairs in his native fenland's, but at the same time he had a spiritual and psychological struggle which confused him and damaged his health. He was convinced that he had been 'the chief of sinners' before he learned that he was one of God's Chosen. (Kathe, 1984) Cromwell also had financial worries until, at the age of 39, he inherited property at Ely from his uncle. Like other lesser gentry, he contended with bad harvests and a variety of taxes and impositions, such as 'ship money', exacted by the monarchy not only to pay for the upkeep of the navy but also to sustain the luxuries of the court.

In 1628 he had been elected a member of Parliament for the borough of Huntingdon, but King Charles I dissolved this Parliament in 1629 and did not call it again for 11 years. (Gaunt, 1996) During this time, country gentlemen like Cromwell became annoyed. The Cromwell family was one of a mass of angry gentry who belonged to 'the political nation': for example, John Hampden, a wealthy squire who brought a case against the king over the levying of ship money, was Cromwell's cousin. Then in 1640 Cromwell was elected a member of the Parliament for the borough of Cambridge (partly because of the important social position he held in Ely and partly because of his fame as 'Lord of the Fens, ') he found himself among many friends at Westminster who were highly critical of the monarchy. This 'Short Parliament' did little since it was dissolved after three weeks, but, when in November 1640 Cromwell returned to Cambridge for the 'Long Parliament', which sat until 1653, his public career began. (Smith, 1991) Cromwell had already become known as a fiery and somewhat uncouth Puritan, in the Parliament of 1628 - 29, when he had launched an attack on Charles I's bishops. He believed that individual Christians could establish direct contact with God through prayer and that the purpose of the clergy was to inspire the laity by preaching. Thus he contributed out of his own pocket to the support of itinerant Protestant preachers and openly showed his dislike of the bishop at Ely.

He criticized the bishop in the House of Commons and was appointed a member of a committee to investigate other complaints against him. Cromwell distrusted the whole hierarchy of the Church of England, even though he was not opposed to a state church. He therefore advised abolishing the institution of the episcopate and the banning of a set ritual as prescribed in The Book of Common Prayer. He believed that Christian congregations should be allowed to choose their own ministers, who should serve them by preaching and extemporaneous prayer.

Though he grieved over taxes, monopolies, and other such impositions on the people, it was his religion that made him oppose the King's government. In November 1641 when John Pym and his friends presented to King Charles I 'Grand Remonstrance, ' which consisted of over 200 clauses, among which was one censuring the bishops 'and the corrupt part of the clergy in support of their 'ecclesiastical tyranny, ' Cromwell declared that had it not been passed by the House of Commons he would have left England. (Smith, 1991 & Gaunt, 1996) The Remonstrance was not accepted by the King, and the gap between him and his leading critics in the House of Commons widened. A month later Charles vainly attempted to arrest five of them for treason, Cromwell was not yet very well known so he was not among these. But when in 1642 the King left London to raise an army, and England approached civil war, Cromwell began to distinguish himself not merely as an outspoken Puritan but also as a practical man capable of organization and leadership. In July he got permission from the House of Commons to allow his constituency of Cambridge to form and arm companies for defense.

In August he rode to Cambridge to prevent the colleges from sending their plate to be melted down for the benefit of the King, and when the war began he enlisted a whole troop of cavalry in Huntingdon. As a captain he made his first appearance with his troop at the end of the Battle of Edgehill (October 23, 1642) when Robert Devereux (3 rd earl of Essex) was commander in chief for Parliament in the first part of the war. (Smith, 1991) In 1643 Cromwell got a reputation both as a military organizer and a fighting man. From the beginning he insisted that the men who served for the parliament were carefully chosen and p...


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Research essay sample on House Of Commons King Charles

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