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Example research essay topic: U S Supreme Court Alger Hiss - 1,484 words

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... ut when facing pretrial examinations for the vilification suit, he changed his story. Chambers told his lawyers that he could produce evidence that Hiss had given government documents to him. Chambers believed he had saved some documents in case he needed to protect himself from retribution. ! She sealed the documents in an envelope and gave them to his wife! |s nephew, Nathan Levine. Levine hid the envelope in his parents! | Brooklyn home, !" [Levitt, 239 ] Chambers remarked.

Chambers subsequently produced sixty-five confidential pages of State Department documents typed by Hiss! |s typewriter, along with four memos handwritten by Hiss, two strips of developed microfilm, and several pages of handwritten notes. These were all dated from the early months of 1938. Later, on December 6, 1948, the House committee released sworn testimony by Chambers that Hiss had provided him with certain classified State Department papers for transmission to a Soviet agent. With two House Un-American Activities Committee aides as witnesses, Chambers radically dug up several rolls of microfilm he had hidden in a pumpkin patch on his Maryland farm allegedly known to the federal agents as the!

SSPumpkin papers. !" They contained confidential State Department documents. All this material, Chambers said, had been given to him by Hiss to pass along to the Soviets. Nixon received a shock when an official at Eastman Kodak said the film stock dated from 1945, meaning that! Chambers had lied when he said he hidden the film in 1938. !" [Levitt, 245 ] Immediately, Nixon phoned Chambers and angrily insisted for an explanation. In a federal grand-jury investigation of the case, both Chambers and Hiss testified. Hiss claimed the materials were either fakes or had come from someone else.

Hiss was indicted on December 15 on two charges of perjury, particularly charging that Hiss lied two times. He was accused of lying when he had said that he never gave State Department or other government documents to Chambers. The second was when he testified that he had had no contact with Chambers after January 1, 1937. There were no espionage charges because the three-year act of limitations had expired.

Because the law of limitations on espionage had run out, Hiss was charged with perjury in the trial at the Federal Building in New York City, 1949. His first trial lasting for about six weeks ended in a hung jury. The prosecution emphasized the documents as! SSuncontradicted facts. !" Chambers said that Hiss took the documents home from his office so his wife could type the copies. Hiss then returned the originals to his office and gave him the copies. Chambers had the copies photographed for his Soviet handlers.

Alger Hiss! |s defense focused on his reputation including a university president, some notable diplomats and judges. Nonetheless, his defense pictured Chambers as an insane liar who could have acquired the microfilmed documents through many different channels. Capitalizing upon the resulting uproar, Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin charged that Hiss had a list of about 57 men loyal to Communism still in the State Department in February 1950. However, a subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee could not find even one, but McCarthy continued on to other sensational charges.

He proved utterly unable to substantiate his accusation, and many Americans, including President Truman, began to fear that the Red-hunt was turning into a witch-hunt. Hiss was found guilty at a second exhausting trial, which ended in early in 1950 and eventually served forty-four months at the federal prison in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1950, Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill, which had the power that authorized the President to arrest and detain suspicious persons during an internal security emergency. Richard Nixon benefited from these trials because it made him have! SSa touch of credibility. !" [Levitt, 304 ] His role in the Hiss case assisted him to secure a position in the Senate. Two years later Nixon became Dwight D.

Eisenhower! |s vice president. Nixon would always consider the Hiss case a defining moment in his career and included it as! Site first six crises he described in his political memoir of the same name. !" [Levitt, 306 ] However, the Watergate Scandal in 1972 forced Nixon to resign the presidency. From this event, the fall gave some belief to a wide range of conspiracy theories involving fake typewriters, phony microfilms, and other counterfeit involvements. After serving more than three years of a five-year prison sentence, Hiss was released in 1954 and returned to private life, still asserting his innocence.

He worked as a stationery salesman after his release because he was barred as a felon from practicing law. He helped the loyalists who hunted new evidence that might overturn his conviction, which never happened. He attempted to have his case appealed. He petitioned the Supreme Court for a third time in 1978, but they had declined to hear his case of vulgar unfairness. However, the Massachusetts Supreme Court restored his right to practice law later in 1975. Alger Hiss died on November 15, 1996, at the age of 92. !

She was one of the century! |s longest-suffering victims. !" [Smith, 435 ] Still, a half-century after it started, the Alger Hiss Spy case remained a political isolating line. Was Alger Hiss a Communist Spy? By the year, 1948, Alger Hiss had a brilliant past and a seemingly brighter future. As a graduate of Harvard Law School, he became a former clerk to the U.

S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. He held several key positions in the New Deal administration, attended the historic Yalta Conference, helped to organize the United Nations Conference in San Francisco, and became the president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a TIMES magazine editor, suspected that Hiss had given him State Department secrets which Chambers, in turn, passed to the Soviet Union. In conclusion of the investigations and trials that followed, involving Hiss! |s typewriter and microfilm hidden in a pumpkin, Hiss was found guilty of two counts of perjury and imprisoned for three years in a federal penitentiary with the help of Richard Nixon. For the rest of his life, he worked to justify himself in courts of law and in the court of public opinion.

Fifty-two years had passed since the Alger Hiss trials, and yet, people still believe he was not a Communist spy. First and foremost, if the courts had proved he was a Communist spy, then why would someone take such an effort to clear his name after he had experienced his punishment? Over the years, Hiss attempted to have his case appealed. He requested the Supreme Court for the third time in 1978, using the newly acquired government documents. He tried to declare total unfairness, but on October 11, 1983, the U.

S. Supreme Court denied to hear his case. He presented his side of the story by writing a book after his release because he never stopped fighting to clear his name. Finally, following the crumble of the Soviet Union and the closing stages of the Cold War, Hiss asked for any knowledge from Soviet sources to clear his name.

In 1992, a Russian general in charge of Soviet Intelligence Archives declared that Hiss had never been a spy. He was rather a victim of Cold War hysteria and the McCarthy Red-hunting era, the era in which Americans took effort to exclude Communists from the nation. General Dmitry A. Volkogonov later said in his statement! SSI had found evidence on Hiss in KGB files. !" [Smith, ii] However later in his statement, he said, ! SSI may not be able to speak for other Soviet intelligence agencies because many documents had been destroyed. !" [Smith, ii] Nevertheless, the interview with the Russian General did not explain that he had ever been a spy.

Because Russian Intelligence contained no evidence that he had ever been a spy, it truly means that he had never been a spy. The closest way to ever actually convict Hiss was from! SSVenona, !" a secret intelligence project. A single document referred to an agent code-named! Sales, !" a State Department official who had flow from the Yalta Conference to Moscow. They suggested that it was probably Alger Hiss.

He had denied this name and issued his excuse. He said, ! SSI went to Moscow merely to see the subway system. !" [Hiss, 212 ] Not a single document proved the charge that he collaborated with the intelligence services of the Soviet Union. Friends, associates, and even he refuse to belief that Alger Hiss was a Communist spy because they know it was not true. Hiss died on November 15, 1995, at the age of 92. People still ask whether or not he was one of the country! |s longest suffering victims or one of the century! |s greatest liars.


Free research essays on topics related to: yalta conference, soviet union, u s supreme court, richard nixon, alger hiss

Research essay sample on U S Supreme Court Alger Hiss

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