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Example research essay topic: Amount Of Water Air Pressure - 1,183 words

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... horizontally through the water like true swimmers, instead of being lowered vertically in a diving bell or in hard-hat gear. The later use of a single-lens face mask, which allowed better visibility as well as pressure equalization, also increased the comfort and depth range of diving equipment (Tillman, 27). Thus the development of scuba added a major working tool to the systems available to divers. The new mode allowed divers greater freedom of movement and access to greater depths for extended times and required much less burdensome support equipment. Scuba also enriched the world of sport diving by permitting recreational divers to go beyond goggles and breath-hold diving to more extended dives at greater depths.

The physics of Scuba Diving Upon entering the underwater world, one notices new and different sensations as one ventures into a realm where everything looks, sounds and feels different than it does above the water. These sensations are part of what makes diving so special. Understanding why the underwater world is different helps you adapt and become accustomed to the changes. In the following pages I will attempt to explain two factors that greatly affect a diver under water: buoyancy and pressure. Have you ever wondered why a large steel ocean liner floats, but a small steel nail sinks? The answer is surprisingly simple.

The steel hull of the ship is formed in a shape that displaces much water. If the steel used to manufacture the ocean liner were placed in the sea without being shaped into a large hull, it would sink like the nail. The ocean liner demonstrates that whether an object floats depends not only on its weight, but on how much water it displaces (Ascher, 51). The principle of buoyancy can be simplified this way: An object placed in water is buoyed up by the force equal to the weight of the quantity of water it displaces. The principle of buoyancy is that if an object displaces an amount of water weighing more than its own weight, it will float. If an object displaces an amount of water weighing less than its own weight then it will sink.

If an object displaces an amount of water equal to its own weight it will neither float nor sink, but remain suspended. If an object floats, it is said to be positively buoyant; if it sinks, it is negatively buoyant; and if it neither floats nor sinks, it is neutrally buoyant (Kolezer, 16). It is important for a diver to learn to use these principles of buoyancy so that the diver can effortlessly maintain his / her position in the water. One must control buoyancy carefully.

When you are at the surface, you will want to be positively buoyant so that you could conserve energy while resting or swimming. Under water, you will want to be neutrally buoyant so that you are weightless and can stay off the bottom and avoid crushing or damaging delicate corals and other aquatic life. Neutral buoyancy permits a diver to move freely in all directions (Kolezer, 17). Buoyancy control is one of the most important skills that a diver could master, but it is also one of the easiest. A diver, controls his / her buoyancy using lead weight and a buoyancy control device (BCD). The lead weight, which is incorporated into a weight system, such as a weight belt is negatively buoyant.

The BCD is a device that can be partially inflated or deflated to control buoyancy (Kolezer, 19). Another factor that affects the buoyancy of an object is the density of water. The denser the water, the greater the buoyancy. Salt water (due to its dissolved salts) is more dense than fresh water, so you " ll be more buoyant in salt water than in fresh water - in fact, when floating motionless at the surface, most divers need to exhale air from their lungs to sink.

By exhaling, the volume of the lungs is decreased, and less water is displaced, resulting in less buoyancy (Kolezer, 19). Thus, we can see, that changing the volume of an object changes its buoyancy. Divers primarily control buoyancy by changing the volume of air in their BCD's. Body air spaces and water pressure Although usually not noticeable, air is constantly exerting pressure on us.

An example being as simplified as when walking against a strong wind, what is actually felt its force pushing against our body. This demonstrates that air can exert pressure, or weight. One doesn't usually feel the air's pressure because our body is primarily liquid, distributing the pressure equally throughout our entire body. The few air spaces in our body are- in the ears, sinuses and lungs- These are filled with air equal in pressure to the external air. However, when the surrounding air pressure changes, such as when you change altitude by flying or driving through mountains, some of us can feel the change as a popping sensation in our ears (Tillman, 40). Just as air exerts pressure on us at the surface, water exerts pressure when a person is submerged.

Because water is much denser than air, pressure changes under water occur more rapidly, making one more aware of them. The weight of the water above a person greatly compounds the amount of pressure one (ears, lungs, and the air in ones lungs) is under. While it takes the entire height of the atmosphere to contain a weight of air enough to give 1 atmosphere (1 ATM) of pressure (the pressure one is used to be under as one walks around daily), it only takes 33 ft. of water to make up an additional ATM of pressure.

Of course, the air is still there too, so at a depth of 33 feet, a diver is subjected to two Atmospheres of pressure, fully twice what one is subjected to at the surface! (Respect, 53) A diver would have to go really, really deep before being in any danger of actually being crushed by pressure. It's what the pressure does to the gases in your body that can be dangerous. Physics teaches us Boyle's Law of gases, which suggests that the volume of a gas is proportional to its pressure. Thus, when one goes to a depth of, say, 33 feet (1 extra ATM) and fills ones lungs with a breath of air from a tank and then ascend to the surface without exhaling, the air in the lungs would expand to twice its volume, causing massive trauma to the lungs.

Other more subtle problems occur with gas under pressure, such as the accumulation of residual nitrogen in the body's tissues which can result in Decompression Sickness (DCS), commonly known as the bends (Tillman, 44). As with air pressure, one doesn't feel water pressure on most of ones body, but we can feel it in our body's air spaces. When water pressure changes corresponding with a change in depth, it creates a pressure sensation one can feel. Through training and experience a diver will learn to avoid the problems associated with water pressure and the air spa...


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