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Example research essay topic: Boston Houghton Mifflin York Holt Rinehart - 1,053 words

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... g of Rosenberg whenever it appeared that Julius sounded sincere and was making a favorable impression on the jury. Judge Kaufman made a big point when Ethel used her fifth amendment right and declined to answer questions on the basis that she might incriminate herself. The judge said, 'it is something that the jury may weigh and consider on the questioning of the truthfulness of the witness and on credibility... ' Not only that, but the judge allegedly would lead prosecuting witnesses to say things against defense.

Defense lawyer Mr. Alexander Block tried to get a mistrial based on the judge's behavior but was denied. The judges bias continued throughout the trial and was expressed most clearly in his sentencing speech. 'The issue of punishment in this case is presented in a unique framework of history. I consider your crime worse than murder...

I believe your conduct caused the communist aggression in Korea... ' Many questioned his truthfulness in the case as Kaufman continued to obsess over it as revealed in FBI documents released later and his continuous need for approval of his conduct in the case. Misconduct by the FBI is also pervasive in the Rosenberg case. The FBI spoke to Julius Rosenberg's cellmate, Jerome Tartakow, who said Julius to him that he wouldn't answer in court if he was a member of the Communist party because it would incriminate himself. The prosecutors used this information to their benefit and asked Julius repeatedly. What they left out of Mr. Tartkow's testimony is that Julius said he was innocent of espionage.

Most horrifying of the FBI's role is portrayed in the Fbi's final questioning of Julius in Sing Sing right before his execution. The FBI asked him, 'Was your wife cognizant of your activities?' Ethel was about to be executed as a full- fledged partner in Julius' crime. How can they doubt her participation now, only minutes before her execution? Many saw the trial as an attempt to scare all American members of the Communist party. During the trial itself, there was no need to connect communism with the charge of espionage, never-the-less, it was done excessively. The prosecutors used a primitive bias as a substitute proof for motive.

President Eisenhower practically admitted to this. 'The execution were necessary to refute the known convictions of Communist leaders all over the world that free governments... are notoriously weak and fearful and that consequently subserve and other kinds of activity can be conducted against them with no real fear of dire punishment. ' The primary consideration was that going through with the execution would send a message to the Communists that from now on, American nationals recruited into Soviet espionage networks would be treated with the utmost security. So many recognized and respected people believed the verdict of death had been sealed from the beginning by a conspiracy of the fascist, anti-semitic forces that controlled America. They held the belief that the Rosenberg's were, 'hopeless victims of cold war hysteria, singled out because of their political views, and perhaps also because of their Jewishness. ' U.

S. Ambassador Douglass Dillion said, 'Nothing could be better calculated than this claim to convince waverers that the Rosenberg's, if executed, will be victims of what the Europeans freely term McCarthyism. ' Harold Urey, a world-renounced scientist said: ' Now that I can see what goes on in Judge Kaufman's courtroom, I believe that the Rosenberg's are innocent... What appalls me most is the role that the press are playing. The judge's bias is so obvious. I keep looking over at the newspapermen and there is not a flicker of indignation or concern... ' Albert Einstein wrote to President Truman: 'My conscience compels me to urge you to commute the death sentence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg... this appeal to you was prompted by the same reasons which were set forth so convincingly by my colleague Harold C.

Urey in his letter... ' In a letter written October 23, 1952 by Julius to his sons Michael and Robert the same sentiment was expressed. 'Our case is an integral part of the conspiracy to establish fear in our land. The political nature of the frame-up is obvious and the facts must be presented to expose to public attention the danger that this holds to those who fight for peace. ' Ethel summarized it best in a letter she sent October 13, 1953 from jail to her husband in jail that said' Again political necessity has overruled due process!' It seems as though many people will continue to doubt the prevalence of truth and justice in the Rosenberg trial. Perhaps the most frightful aspect of the case is that this Democratic country of ours is capable of pulling off such an injustice, in order to send a message to the people of the world. Bibliography Huston, Luther A. , 'Rosenberg's Gain a Stay; Review Set, ' June 17, 1953, Sec. 1, p. 1. 'President Says Couple Increased 'Chances of Atomic War'', June 19, 1953, Sec. 1, p. 1. The New York Times Meeropol, Robert and Michael. We Are Your Sons.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970. Radosh, Ronald and Milton, Joyce. The Rosenberg File. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983. Yalkowsky, Stanley.

The Murder of the Rosenberg's. New York: Library of Congress, 1990. Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983), pp. 170. Robert and Michael Meeropol, We Are Your Sons (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970), P. 217.

Stanley Yalkowsky, The Murder of the Rosenberg's (New York: Library of Congress, 1990), p. 340. Radosh and Milton, p. 12. Yalkowsky, p. 152. Luther A. Huston, 'Rosenberg's Gain a Stay; Review Set, ' The New York Times, June 17, 1953, Sec. 1, p. 1. Luther A.

Huston, 'President Says Couple Increased 'Chances of Atomic War, '' The New York Times, June 19, 1953, Sec. 1, p. 1. Radosh and Milton, p. 417. Yalkowsky, p. 183. Meeropol, p. 33. Yalkowsky, p. 232.

Yalkowsky, p. 256. Yalkowsky, p. 350. Yalkowsky, p. 211. Radosh and Milton, p. 289. Yalkowsky, p. 396. Meeropol, p. 31.

Radosh and Milton, p. 290. Yalkowsky, p. 357. Radosh and Milton, p. 378. Radosh and Milton, p. xi. Radosh and Milton, p. 375.

Yalkowsky, pp. 454 - 455. Meeropol, p. 142. Meeropol, p. 139.


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