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He has used Abu Muhammad (Abu Mohammed), Abu Fatima, Muhammad Ibrahim, Abu Abdallah, Abu al-Mu " iz, The Doctor, The Teacher, Nur, Usa, Abu Mohammed Nur al-Deen, Abdel May (Abdel More, Abdel Me), and other names as aliases. In 1998 he formally merged Egyptian Islamic Jihad into al-Qaeda. According to reports by a former al-Qaida member, he has worked in the al-Qaida organization since its inception and was a senior member of the group's shura council. He is often described as a 'lieutenant' to the head of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden. It is also assumed that al-Zawahiri serves as bin Laden's doctor (bin Laden reportedly suffers from a kidney disorder, possibly requiring dialysis) [ 1 ] (web). In the 1980 s he journeyed to Afghanistan to participate in the mujahideen resistance against the Soviet Union's occupation.
There he met Osama bin Laden, who was running a base for mujahideen called Makhtab al-Khidamat (MAK); both of them worked under the tutelage of the Palestinian Abdullah Yusuf Adam; later when the MAK fractured al-Zawahiri joined bin Laden in organizing the al-Qaeda group. In 1996, he was considered the most credible threat and a highly lethal terrorist who could strike against the U. S. A warning issued at the time specified suicide bombing as the likely form of attack. In late 1996 he was detained in Russia for six months by the FSB after he apparently tried to recruit jihadists in Chechnya. According to the FSB spokesman Sergei Ignatchenko, 'He had four passports, in four different names and nationalities.
We checked him out in every country, but they could not confirm him. We could not keep him forever, so we took him to the Azerbaijani border and let him go. ' In 1997 he was held responsible for the massacre of 58 (or 67) foreign tourists in the Egyptian town of Luxor, for which he was sentenced to death in absentia in 1999 (see below). On February 23, 1998, he issued a joint fatwa with Osama bin Laden under the title 'World Islamic Front Against Jews and Crusaders', an important step in broadening their conflicts to a global scale. According to Vincent Cannistraro, former top CIA counter terrorist official, 'Zawahiri is the guy-he's the operational commander... number one, on the right hand side of Osama. ' The U. S.
Department of State is offering a reward of up to US$ 25 million for information leading directly to the apprehension or conviction of Ayman al-Zawahiri. He is wanted for his alleged role in the August 7, 1998 bombings of U. S. embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. web terrorist The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), or simply Abu Sayyaf, also known as Al Harakat Al Islamiyya, is a separatist group of islamist terrorists based in and around the southern islands of the Philippines, primarily Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao.
Khadaffy Janjalani is named as the nominal leader of the group by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It is reported that they recently began expanding into neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia. The group is responsible for bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and extortion in order to promote an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago and create an atmosphere conducive to the creation of a Pan-Islamic superstate in the Malay portions of South-east Asia. The name of the group is Arabic for Bearer (Abu) of the Sword (Sayyaf).
The ASG is the one of the smallest and arguably the most radical and dangerous of the Islamic separatist groups in Mindanao. Some ASG members have studied or worked in Saudi Arabia and developed ties to muhajadeen while fighting and training in Afghanistan and Pakistan. [edit] History Members of the ASG were once part of the Moro National Liberation Front, but started on their own in 1991 under the leadership of Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani. Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, both of whom were involved with Operation Bojinka, took scuba trips to Puerto Galera. The trips may have been a cover for the training of Abu Sayyaf militants. After Ramzi Yousef bombed Philippine Airlines Flight 434, killing a Japanese passenger, a man stated in a telephone call, 'We are [the] Abu Sayyaf Group. We explode[d] one plane from Cebu. ' The bombing was supposedly a test for Operation Bojinka, which was discovered by Manila police on January 6, 1995.
Abu Sayyaf's first large-scale action was the beachhead assault on the town of Ii in Mindanao in April 1995. It is responsible for the kidnapping and murder of more than 30 foreigners and Christian clerics and lay-workers. Abdurajik Janjalani was killed in a clash with the Philippine National Police on December 18, 1998. Khaddafy Janjalani, his younger brother, is said to have succeeded him. The death of Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, otherwise known as Abu Sayyaf, marked a turning point in ASG operations, shifting from its ideological focus to more general kidnappings, murders and robberies. The ASG primarily operates in the southern Philippines with members occasionally traveling to Manila, but the group expanded its operations to Malaysia in 2000 when it abducted foreigners from two different resorts.
A commander named Abu Sabaya was killed in 2002 while trying to evade forces. Abu Sayyaf is estimated to have a core membership of 200 with an extended membership of over 2000. The group was originally not thought to receive funding from any government, but intelligence reports from the United States, Indonesia, and Australia have found intermittent ties to the Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist group. On February 27, 2004, a bomb exploded on the Superferry 14 near Manila, killing 116 people. Abu Sayyaf claimed responsibility.
It has been their deadliest attack to date. Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) a. k. a. Party Karkeran Kurdistan Description: Established in 1974 as a Marxist-Leninist insurgent group primarily composed of Turkish Kurds. In recent years has moved beyond rural-based insurgent activities to include urban terrorism.
Seeks to establish an independent Kurdish state in southeastern Turkey, where the population is predominantly Kurdish. Activities: Primary targets are Turkish Government security forces in Turkey but also has been active in Western Europe against Turkish targets. Conducted attacks on Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities in dozens of West European cities in 1993 and again in spring 1995. In an attempt to damage Turkey's tourist industry, the PKK has bombed tourist sites and hotels and kidnapped foreign tourists.
Strength: Approximately 10, 000 to 15, 000. Has thousands of sympathizers in Turkey and Europe. Location/Area of Operation: Operates in Turkey, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. External Aid: Has received safe haven and modest aid from Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
The Syrian Government claims to have expelled the PKK from its territory in October 1998. Abdullah Ocalan The leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, or PKK, has been stirring up strong emotions in Turkey since 1984, when the organisation launched its armed struggle for an independent Kurdish state in the south east of the country. Abdullah Ocalan came from a humble background; son of a poor peasant family in the south-eastern village of Omerli. He became involved in politics while studying political science at Ankara university, setting up the PKK with fellow students. He left Turkey before the military coup in September 1980 and has remained in exile since then. But it was not until his party took up the gun that he achieved international prominence.
Tens of thousands of PKK guerrillas took on the second largest army in Nato. 30, 000 deaths More than 30, 000 people have been killed in the 16 -year-old conflict, including soldiers, guerrillas and civilians. At the height of the PKK's strength in 1992, Ocalan pledged: 'Even if 100, 000 people die this year, our movement cannot be disrupted. ' But in recent years, he has changed his approach. He dropped his insistence on an independent Kurdish state, saying he would settle for autonomy for Turkish Kurds. As the PKK became weakened militarily, his calls for a political settlement to the Kurdish conflict became louder and more frequent.
When he was forced out of his long-term base in Syria last autumn, he fled to Europe, announcing that he wanted to transform the PKK from a military to a political organisation. He criticised what he described as extremist actions by elements within the PKK. His comments fuelled existing rumours about splits within the PKK, some of whose commanders were said to be unhappy with Mr Ocalan's dictatorial methods. Confused supporters His arrest, in Kenya in February 1999, prompted Kurdish demonstrations across Europe. Many Kurds were indignant about the way in which the Turkish state paraded their captured leader before TV cameras.
But his sometime rambling performance in the witness box caused confusion among his supporters. While the Kurdish diaspora in Europe remains enthusiastic about his calls for a political settlement, some PKK guerrillas are questioning whether they should continue to support a man who may be more interested in saving his own skin than the Kurdish cause. However, if the death sentence handed down to him by the Turkish court is carried ou t- such doubts could be forgotten. Abdullah Ocalan could once more become an untarnished Kurdish hero. If Turkey does not accept his offer - and there is no indication it will - his followers could well be tempted to avenge his death.
Description Established in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party, the FARC is Colombia's oldest, largest, most capable, and best-equipped Marxist insurgency. The FARC is governed by a secretariat, led by septuagenarian Manuel Maryland (a. k. a. "Tirofijo") and six others, including senior military commander Jorge Briceno (a. k. a. "Mono Joy").
The FARC is organized along military lines and includes several urban fronts. In February 2002, the group's slow-moving peace negotiation process with President Andres Pastrana's administration was terminated by Bogota following the FARC's plane hijacking and kidnapping of a Colombian Senator from the aircraft. On 7 August, the FARC launched a large-scale mortar attack on the Presidential Palace where President Alvaro Uribe was being inaugurated. High-level foreign delegations-including the United States-attending the inauguration were not injured, but 21 residents of a poor neighborhood nearby were killed by...
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Research essay sample on Osama Bin Laden Abdullah Ocalan
