Example research essay topic: Fourteenth Amendment Supreme Court - 1,013 words

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Plessy decided to appeal the decision to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, but that court upheld Ferguson's opinion. Plessy then decided to take his case to the United States Supreme Court. In 1896, The Supreme Court of the United States found Homer Plessy guilty once again. Justice Henry Brown, the speaker for the eight-person majority, wrote: 'That [the Separate Car Act] does not conflict with the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery... is too clear for argument... A statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races -- a distinction which is founded in the color of the two races and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color -- has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races...

The object of the [Fourteenth Amendment] was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. ' The one lone dissenter, who argued in favor of Plessy's case, and seemed to be the only one with a real understanding of equality, was Justice John Harlan. He wrote his own speech regarding the case and its decision. 'Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law... In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case... The present decision, it may well be apprehended, will not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible, by means of state enactments, to adopted the recent amendments of the Constitution. ' Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.

S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment. Opinion: Justice Brennan Dissent: Harlan and Frankfurter US vs Nixon Subjects: Criminal Procedure: Discovery and Inspection Facts of the Case A grand jury returned indictments against seven of President Richard Nixon's closest aides in the Watergate affair. The special prosecutor appointed by Nixon and the defendants sought audio tapes of conversations recorded by Nixon in the Oval Office. Nixon asserted that he was immune from the subpoena claiming 'executive privilege, ' which is the right to withhold information from other government branches to preserve confidential communications within the executive branch or to secure the national interest.

Decided together with Nixon v. United States. Question Presented Is the President's right to safeguard certain information, using his 'executive privilege' confidentiality power, entirely immune from judicial review? Conclusion No.

The Court held that neither the doctrine of separation of powers, nor the generalized need for confidentiality of high-level communications, without more, can sustain an absolute, unqualified, presidential privilege. The Court granted that there was a limited executive privilege in areas of military or diplomatic affairs, but gave preference to 'the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of justice. ' Therefore, the president must obey the subpoena and produce the tapes and documents. Nixon resigned shortly after the release of the tapes. Opinion: Burger no dissent Engel vs Vitale Because of the prohibition of the First Amendment against the enactment of any law 'respecting an establishment of religion, ' which is made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, state officials may not compose an official state prayer and require that it be recited in the public schools of the State at the beginning of each school day -- even if the prayer is denominational neutral and pupils who wish to do so may remain silent or be excused from the room while the prayer is being recited. Opinion justice Black Planned Parenthood vs Casey 1992 This case was a challenge to Pennsylvania's 1989 Abortion Control Act, portions of which reinstated restrictions previously ruled unconstitutional in Thornburg h v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986).

The 1989 Act required the following: (1) a woman seeking an abortion must give her informed consent prior to the procedure and be given state-provided information concerning her decision 24 hours before the abortion is performed 2) a minor seeking an abortion is required to obtain the informed consent of one parent or guardian, but has an option of judicial bypass (3) a married woman is required to sign a statement indicating that she notified her husband of her intended abortion (4) exemptions can be made in the event of a medical emergency (5) facilities providing abortion services are required to keep records of the events Outcome: The court decision held that all of the above restrictions, except the husband-notification requirement, were constitutional. In reaching its decision, the court reaffirmed the validity of a woman's right to choose abortion under Roe v. Wade, but revoked its definition of that abortion right as 'fundamental. ' The court constructed a new standard of review that allows restrictions on abortion prior to fetal viability so long as they do not constitute an 'undue burden' to the woman. Pennsylvania's husband-notification requirement was determined to be unduly burdensome under this new standard.

Opinion: Justice O'conner kennedy, souter Dissent: Rehnquist

Research essay sample on Fourteenth Amendment Supreme Court