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Example research essay topic: John C Calhoun Van Buren - 1,377 words

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... rs of the House, Senate and Supreme Court. JACKSON COMES TO POWER: THE ELECTION OF 1828 The election of 1828 was more of a "revolution" than that of 1800. Andrew Jackson won by 647, 000 votes to 507, 000, 178 - 83 in electoral college. Far more people voted for president than in 1824, as the states were beginning to let the people select presidential electors.

A new two-party system emerged from the election of 1828. From then on, parties ran their candidates for President and Vice-president together as a ticket. John C. Calhoun was the last man to run for Vice President independently. (He was elected twice, under both Adams and Jackson. ) The campaign was one of the dirtiest in American history and became a mudslinging attack on personalities: John Q. Adams was accused of "feeding at the public trough, " because of his long years of public service.

He was called a "pimp" for providing an American girl as "gift" for the Czar of Russia. As he had installed a billiard table for the White House he was charged with turning it into a "gambling den. " Jackson was portrayed as a "drunk, " a brawler and an adulterer because Rachel's divorce had not been final when they first got married. Several significant political issues divided the people at the time, among them the National Bank and the protective tariff. Jackson managed to avoid taking firm positions on any issues and in fact managed to get on both sides of the tariff question, depending on what part of the country his people were in.

This was done by a bill to create a tariff that was supposedly so high that it would never pass. It did pass, however, and became known as the "Tariff of Abominations, " which raised a storm of protest led by John C. Calhoun. [See [link] The South Carolina Exposition and Protest. ] Jacksons Inauguration is famous for the riotous behavior of his supporters: The locals complained that "barbarians" had invaded the White House; the stewards finally saved day by taking the punch bowls outside. Jackson saw himself as President of All the People defender of the "Common Man. " A prevailing view since the writing of the Constitution had been an assumption of the natural supremacy of the legislature. Jackson vigorously challenged that assumption. He saw himself as the direct representative of all the people and willingly used his authority on their behalf.

He vetoed more bills than all his predecessors combined, challenging the view that the only grounds for a presidential veto were a bill's constitutionality. He expanded the power of his office, but did not favor unlimited power for the national government. Jackson used an unofficial "Kitchen Cabinet" of close friends to advise him. He was a poor administrator, had strong prejudices, held contempt for expert advice, and made bad choices, but he was a strong and popular leader.

Jackson more or less endorsed the idea of the "Spoils System": he believed that rotation of people in government jobs (which required no special expertise) led to the Expansion of democracy. New Constitutions of the 1820 s expanded democracy in many states. For example, the Virginia Constitution was rewritten in 1829 and almost abolished slavery. Other revisions included Massachusetts (1820) and New York (1821. ) Property holding qualifications for voting were lifted. According to some, the Constitution had been designed to keep the common man in his place. Fear of "Mob Rule" was relevant.

Jacksonian democracy changed that: in 1824 25 % of adult white males were eligible to vote; by 1840 it was up to 78 %. More and more states went to popular elections for the presidency. Issues surrounding Jackson's Presidency: The National Bank: Jackson kills it. [link] See Jackson's veto message. [link] Internal Improvements: The Maysville Road The Tariff: The Nullification controversy of 1832 See the South Carolina Ordinance and Jackson's Proclamation on Nullification The matter of states rights versus Union: See Daniel Webster's Union Address (Note: The issue of "Union" does not resonate with Americans today because we take it for granted. It is very much like our feelings of patriotism, but was not universally shared in those times.

Still, in 1861 thousands of northern boys and young men went off to fight for the concept of the Union. Webster was the prime articulator of that idea. It is, sir, the peoples Constitution, the peoples government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people. The people of the United States have declared that this Constitution shall be the supreme law.

We must either admit the proposition or dispute their authority. Jackson and Calhoun: Although Jackson was a Democrat and Daniel Webster a Whig, they did agree on the idea of Union. Standing poles apart from both was Vice President John C. Calhoun. Secretary of State Martin Van Buren and Calhoun began in a clash over who was to be the heir apparent to Jackson, a position Van Buren easily attained as Calhoun moved farther and farther to the states' right position. Calhoun needed that position to keep strength in South Carolina, while Van Buren had a comfortable political base in New York.

Jackson was not totally unsympathetic to states' rights issues, but felt Calhoun and South Carolina went far too far afield in nullification of the tariff in 1832. THE PEGGY EATON AFFAIR would have remained a small scale sexual scandal had it not disrupted the functioning of Jackson's government. Peggy had a "colorful" past, but was married to Jackson's close friend, Secretary of War John Eaton. When the cabinet wives (led by Florida Calhoun) refused to accept Mrs.

Eaton, the matter spilled over into the business of government, making Jackson furious. The treatment of Peggy Eaton reminded Jackson of the treatment of Rachel during the 1828 campaign, which he believed had contributed to her death. He fumed: "I did not come here to make a cabinet for the ladies of this place, but for the nation!" Martin Van Buren, a widower and therefore safe from wifely criticism of Mrs. Eaton, was kind to her, and as a way out of the "Eaton malaria, " offered to resign and suggested the rest of the cabinet do so also. Jackson gratefully accepted and promised to aid Van Buren, which he did, making him Vice President in 1832.

Rise of the Whigs all those opposed to "King Andrew" Locofocosthe radical wing of the Jacksonian's, ex members of the Workingman's Party. They wanted a stable currency because inflation killed people of fixed wages. Others Webster, Clay and the American system, some Whigs resemble old Federalists. The National Republican Party, the party of John Quincy Adams, who is still around. He serves in Congress 18 years after being President. (See the Film "Amistad. ") Without much doubt the ugliest event in the Jackson years was the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to reservations located west of the Mississippi River.

Although the case of Worcester v. Georgia had established the Cherokee as an independent nation within Georgia, Jackson backed Georgia and defied the Court, and thousands of Cherokee were forced along the "Trail of Tears" to the West. Jackson felt that the Indians would be better off "out of the way" and settled his policy on "voluntary emigration west of the Mississippi. " The Cherokee had previously been recognized as a nation with laws and customs of their own. An 1828 Georgia law declared that the state had jurisdiction over Indian Territory. Gold was discovered on Indian land, and Indians sought relief in the Supreme Court to hold onto land.

Georgia demanded that people on reservations get licenses came to court in [link to be added] Worcester v. Georgia. [link to be added] Court said laws had no force on Cherokee land. The Court gets into the act: [link to be added] Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia [link to be added] Jacksons strong states rights position on Indian matters helped lead S. C. to think he might take the same approach on the tariff.

The Election of 1840: Log Cabin and Hard Cider Parties are here to stay, organized all the way down to precinct level. Many conflicting interpretations of Jackson. Bibliography:


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Research essay sample on John C Calhoun Van Buren

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