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Richard Milhous Nixon was born into a poor family on January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California, and was raised in the nearby small town of Whittier. His mother, Hannah Milhous, was well educated and a religious member of the Quaker Society, while his father Francis Anthony Nixon was uneducated, had no steady jobs, and was accused of being quarrelsome with nearly everyone around him (American President, web). Nixon was very introvert as a child. He had a difficult early life with series of hardships, which made a lasting effect on his character and personality.
He did not fit in with most of his peers and had a lifelong difficulty of trusting people outside of his family (Nixon, 1978, 5 - 15). His anger was kept inside of him, which motivated him to develop a sense of competition and struggle, and inspired him to excel in school. He became the valedictorian of his grammar school and was an excellent debater in Whittier High School. It was also there that he met first long-term girlfriend, Ola Florence Welch. Ola Florence was known for her beauty and strong character, with a brain to match.
The two quickly fell in love and stayed together for six years. Ola Florence became engaged to Nixon in 1933. However, their romance fizzled as Ola Florence broke off their engagement in 1935 (Aitken, 1993, 58 - 65). Nixon studied at Whittier College in California and graduated in 1934. He went on to pursue his study of law at Duke University Law School in North Carolina. After graduating third in his class in 1937 (American President, web), Nixon practiced law as an attorney in office in Whittier, California, and later in Washington D.
C. (Biographical information, web). On the night of January 16, 1938, Richard Nixon fell in love once again, this time with the blonde, lovely Thelma Ryan who was nicknamed "Pat." After dating for more than two years, the two were married on June 21, 1940, at the Mission Inn, Riverside, which was located thirty miles east of Los Angeles, and soon had two daughters named Tricia and Julie (Aitken, 1993, 86 - 93). During the Second World War, Nixon served four years in the Navy in South pacific and was raised to the rank of lieutenant commander (Biographical information, web). After the war ended, Nixon was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1946.
He hoped that this would be the beginning of a "non-controversial" career. However, things went in the opposite direction as the case of Alger Hiss came along (American President, web). Hiss was suspected as a spy for the Soviet Union during World War II, Nixon relentlessly pursued investigations against Hiss, who was eventually found guilty and was put into prison. The case of Alger Hiss caused Nixon to emerge from a young congressman to a national hero and an extraordinary spy-catcher in the eyes of his Republican supporters (Aitken, 1993, 150).
Yet among those who believed in Hiss's innocence, Nixon became known as the self-absorbed and ambitious fighter who would do anything to win (American President, web). The Hiss case soon became a catalyst for Nixon's career as he was elected as a senator in 1950. After two years in the Senate, the thirty-nine-year-old Nixon was chosen by General Dwight Eisenhower to be his vice-presidential running mate. The Eisenhower-Nixon duo easily won the presidential elections of 1952 and 1956. But as Nixon launched his own campaign for the US presidency, he was bitterly defeated by John F. Kennedy in the election of 1960 by a very narrow margin.
He suffered yet another defeat in 1962 in the race towards becoming the Governor of California. After several years of travelling around the world and practicing of law, Nixon made a painstaking comeback in the presidential election of 1968 (President Nixon's Biography, web). With 301 electoral votes, he defeated his opponents Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace and became the 37 th president of the United States (Presidential Election 1968, web). Nixon demanded high privacy and secrecy from the day he arrived at the White Hose, which alienated him from many of his staff members and the media (American President, web).
However, the central issue during Nixon's presidency, which impacted nearly every aspect of his domestic and foreign diplomatic policy, was the Vietnam War (President Nixon's Biography, web). During his presidential campaign, Nixon asserted that the goal of his administration would be "to end the war and win peace in Vietnam." By the end of 1968, over 500, 000 American soldiers had been sent to Southeast Asia under the previous policy of Kennedy and Johnson. Nixon was committed to end the war in a way that would guarantee freedom and peace for South Vietnam, while maintaining America's position on the world stage as a reliable ally. To achieve his goal, Nixon began with the process of withdrawing American troops, while aiding South Vietnam by sending military supplies to help the nation to defend itself against communist aggression. From 1969 through 1970, Nixon launched massive bombing attacks on Cambodia and North Vietnam to weaken the enemy's supply.
It was an act to save the lives of American soldiers and South Vietnamese, but it led to the harsh criticisms and attacks from anti-war activists. However, by the end of his first years in office, the president had the majority of the American people behind him as he sought for a successful conclusion for the war. By the end of 1972, Nixon's long-planned strategy for peace finally paid off, as the peace agreement was signed on January 27, 1973 in Paris, ending US military involvement in Southeast Asia (Nixon's Role in the Vietnam War, web). Nixon's historical visit to China in 1972 was one of the most enduring achievements during his presidency. His desire of making a presidential visit to China could be traced back to as early as 1967, in his Foreign Affairs article (Aitken, 1993, 425).
On February 21, 1972, he obtained his wish by going on a seven-day trip to Beijing, China, which Nixon himself later referred to as "the week that changed the world" (The Nixon Visit, web). Nixon met with Chairman Mao Zedong, and held discussions regarding their future relationship with Premier Zhou Enlai during the week. By the end of his visit, the Chinese and US governments issued the "Shanghai Communiqu'e" on February 28, 1972. Two of the biggest and most influential countries in Asia and North America finally came together after more than twenty years of separation. This historical event made an immense and lasting impact between the two nations and on the world stage of politics. The relationship between China and United States had always been intense since the Korean War, different ideas and policies also existed in Chinese and US government concerning the crisis of Taiwan.
By the late 1960 s, as US and Soviet Union each pursued their own positions in world leadership, the relationship between China and Soviet Union rapidly worsened. At the same time, America was deeply involved with the war in Vietnam. The leaders of China and United States both realized they needed to exchange views regarding the situation and put an end to the hostility that still existed between them, which were the main reasons of President Nixon's visit to China (Nixon's China Visit, web). The Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai quoted on a toast to the visiting presidential party, 'At the present time it has become a strong desire of the Chinese and American peoples to promote the normalization of relations between the two countries and work for the relaxation of tension. The people, and the people alone, is the motive force in the making of world history. We are confident that the day will surely come when this common desire of our two peoples will be realized. ' (Who said that, web).
The issue of the Shanghai Communiqu'e marked the beginning of the process of normalizing relations between China and the United States and laid the foundation for the further improvement for years to come (Nixon's China Visit, web). Nixon further improved the United Sta...
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