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Example research essay topic: Human Embryo Cloning Science And Technology - 1,044 words

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... hat showed that people are more positive about (the application of) cloning when they have more knowledge of the facts. [ 1 ] The public debate did not lead to straight answers. On the contrary, it demonstrated over and over that the various participants in the debate - for example, scientists, industrialists, patients, animal protectionists, citizens - all maintained different problem definitions. To politicians the debate made clear the full complexity of the issue at hand. The debate also showed that there are deep-rooted and widely felt objections to cloning in general, which should be recognizably included in decision-making on cloning. South Korea Whereas in Italy and Great-Britain public trust in the scientific system is very low, the trust in the scientific community in South Korea is very high.

Science and technology are seen as the main means to become a modern and prosperous nation. As a result, Hwan-Suk Kim, Director of the Council for Democracy in Science & Technology and Associate Professor at the Kook min University in Seoul, states that "it is very unusual that scientific and technological developments become a controversial issue in South Korea." Nuclear power, the electronic citizens' card and cloning are the exceptions to this rule. Since the news of Dolly, cloning has quickly become a popular and controversial issue among the Korean public because of its implications in respect to human cloning. In an attempt to give the voice of the citizen a place in the political debate, the Korean National Commission for UNESCO initiated a consensus conference on cloning, which took place from 10 to 13 September 1999 at the Yonsei University in Seoul.

The public panel found that human individual cloning should be strictly forbidden, while animal cloning can be permitted under proper monitoring and regulation. The most controversial issue was that of human embryo cloning. Some scientists argued that the cloning of embryos within two weeks after fertilization could offer a medical breakthrough. The citizens' panel rejected this argument and held that human life begins from the moment of fertilization. It argued that better alternatives to cloning technology must first be actively explored. Kim noticed a relevant shift in the public debate, "from the rather sensational, but superficial, issue of cloned human beings to the deeper and complex issue of human-embryo cloning. " He thinks that this shows that "the consensus conference has the ability to enhance social debate on science and technology from a simple to a more mature dimension. " Kim does not expect that Korean politics will impose strict regulation on such important high technology as cloning.

But, under pressure from the public unease, the government is preparing a draft of the general guidelines on the ethics and safety of biotechnology. Moreover, the National Congress will examine a new bill on the prohibition of human cloning. Kim concluded, "if it gets that far, it would be the first time ever in Korean science policy that ordinary citizens have participated in the process of policy making." United States As Bereano stated, the public debate in America around science and technology is severely fragmented. The Dialogue of Science, Ethics and Religion program (Do SER) of the Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) represents such a fragment. Audrey Chapman, Director of Do SER, mentioned as main goals of the program, which started in 1995: the involvement of the religious community in the ethical and theological questions of science and technology and the encouragement of the religious community to form an opinion on subjects like modern biotechnology. Within the framework of Do SER such subjects were approached as genetic patenting; human cloning; germ-line intervention; genetic discrimination; stem cell and embryo breeding and behavioral genetics.

It seems typical for the American situation that until now Do SER has no guaranteed budget. In spite of the support of religious organizations it often proved difficult to interest the religious public in meetings. Chapman further found it remarkable that "there was no sign of the expected dichotomy between science on the one hand and the religious community on the other. Both show great diversity in their perspectives. " On the basis of experiences to date, Chapman has noted a number of lessons from the debate activities. For one, there is a need to develop several instruments to bridge the gap between the various disciplines. It is also important to provide a solid scientific-technological information base for all the participants in the debate, including the scientists.

It also appears problematic to apply traditional theological concepts to scientific inventions. Religious scholars have not yet sufficiently thought through the new developments. For instance, a great number of well-known concepts, like the respect for human rights, are expressed on a very abstract level. This makes it very difficult to apply, for instance, the notion of stewardship to the new gene technology. 4.

Conclusion The announcement of the birth of Dolly via the popular press led to media hype, and to public and political debate all over the world. The characteristics of the initial debates in the various countries look very similar. The press depicted a strongly polarized discourse. On the one hand, the message was put forward that important scientific progress had been made which has the potential to solve a number of human and societal problems. Other articles expressed uneasiness with the new findings and their possible implications.

Strong populist images, like "Nazi science" or "Brave New World", were often used to stress discomfort about the possible negative social effects of the new technology. As Mucha more suggests, it is important to put the use of such cultural references into a proper perspective. It would be a big mistake to disregard these projections of fears as being naive or misguided. It seems partly right to connect such language with public ignorance and unfamiliarity with science.

Nevertheless, the use of strong popular dystopian images reflects the distrust in the democratic steering capacity of the government with respect to science and technology as well as a lack of trust in the scientific community. Besides this, these negative cultural symbols have the unique power to provoke and evoke public debate. They seem to form the seeds of open, critical democratic debate. In that sense, we should not be afraid of them, but use...


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Research essay sample on Human Embryo Cloning Science And Technology

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