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... orm managerial roles, 0 and when such opportunities are denied to them, the results are low self-esteem, low self-confidence, and curtailed achievement levels 31, 32 Their wages may have improved some but are still lower than men; and their status and promotion still lags behind the males. 33, 34 A recent report showed that our education system leaves women with a lower self-esteem than men. 35 They experience lower salary increases, fewer management promotions and lower hierarchical levels compared with men of similar education, age, experience, performance and career paths. When girls become economically independent through education, job and position, they want to be respected as equal members of the society. There has to be a motivational synergy towards new conceptualization of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation at workplace. 36 Indian women India presents a very interesting study of how class system of the West is no more egalitarian than the caste system of the East.
At the beginning of this century Indian women did begin to move into professions like medicine and teaching. This happened as a response to the demand for education and healthcare among the female relatives of middle class men, and also because of sexual segregation. Female seclusion demanded that these services be provided by other women. Government service and administrative jobs were opened to women after independence. 37, 38, 39 At independence (1947) the Indian women's movement also succeeded in bringing women's legal position on a level with many rich countries of the West. Indian constitution conferred equal rights and status to all citizens forbid ding any discrimination on the grounds of caste, creed, religion or sex. Educated elite women who had played an active role during the independence movement took up leadership positions.
By 1988 ten percent of members of parliament were women and eighteen percent of women won in the state assembly elections compared to seventeen percent of the men 0 Increasing number of Indian women are preparing to take up professional careers. Of the total number of students enrolled in the professional colleges 43 % females enrolled in medicine; 77 % in higher education, 61 % in graduate programs (B. A, B. Sc, M. A. and M.
Sc. ), 45 % in doctoral programs, and 50 % in LIS. 41 A majority of women in India as in the United States however, are in feminist professions. Both societies place low status on such women's professions and pay them less than men. The Indian professional women also experience job segregation, as well as discrimination in selection, promotion, training and assessment. In employment restrictions are imposed on their physical mobility and their s oil interaction with males, by sexual harassment at work, and by gossip affecting all aspects of their lives. 42 The employment may not release women from subordination, but it does provide the psychological basis for women to exert and exercise power. Educational attainment and employment does bring status to individual women. It improves their chances of marrying in a higher caste or status family.
It also gives them economic independence. Unlike the American feminists, whose first hand experience of economic and personal injustice influenced the movement to focus largely on such middle class issues as job discrimination, and equal pay for equal work, Indian feminist movement started with the educated and elite. As a result of the 1974 report on the status of women, 43 Indian government, private, national and international agencies s are working through Self Employed Women Associations (SEWA), and Women's Reform Organizations (Mail Mandals) to educate women, apprise them of their rights, reform the laws, and to assist them financially. Local cooperatives help elect women representative to voice women's concerns at the local, state and national assemblies. 44, 45 In the family women's lives are controlled through male authority figure, by imposing the entire burden of domestic work upon them in addition to the paid work outside the home. Most men believe that domestic work and child-care is not their job, and some of them consider it beneath their dignity to perform those tasks. Margret Alva, a member of parliament combines many roles but is proud to be a wife and mother-devoting a good part of her time to domestic duties.
She said: - "you are doing two full time careers, unlike men, and yet we women are always told we " re the weaker sex" It is an unwritten assumption, a standard boiler point for a woman member of parliament that they are perfectly welcome in parliament so long as they do not neglect their responsibilities at home (p. 165). 46 Many successful women both in the USA and India are uncomfortable in discussing their professional achievements in front of their children and husbands, either because they are not relevant or disturbing to members of their family to whom they are a mother or wife 47, 48 In many cases the husband is complimented for the achievements of the wife, and for his generosity to allow the wife to partic image and contribute. By defining women as primary domestic workers and sexual and reproductive property of men, and by assigning priority to man's paid employment, the society devalues educational attainment, and economic and social contributions of women. One of the major locations of women's subordination rests on the personal relations of the family. Personal arena is the place where women have to negotiate the conditions of their lives on individual bases.
Men resist conceding their privilege. They do not want to forego their domination of women. During the debates on the Hindu Code Bill, Pandit Nehru remarked - When it came to implementing the principle of sexual equality in the domestic arena many nationalist men were forced to admit that whilst they were determined to resist national subordination they did not want to forego their domination of women. 49, 50, 51 Employment may not release women from subordination, but it does provide them the psychological basis to exert and exercise power. Economic independence, Self confidence and personal achievement motivation are the only tools that serve the women well in negotiating their status in the family with their husbands and other family members. Women's employment marks a significant rejection of male c onto. The positive things about Indian culture for women are the great women of the past, Goddesses that have great powers, and that women too possess great power and virtue (Shakti).
The idea of women's power persists even today. 52, 53 Indian women who have traveled to western countries for education and have later sought employment, often find that ideas of gender and race inferiority augment the discrimination they encounter in those supposedly enlightened countries. The context of western domination imports not only the idea of women's inferiority in relation to men, but also a notion of Indian women's inferiority in related on to western women. The myth of the third world's inferiority helps justify continued western exploitation of India and its resources, which worsens the economic conditions in India. This in turn deteriorates the position of womens chances of education and employment and reinforces the notion that women are less capable then men. Multinational companies use this to limit the opportunities fo r women in employment. 54 Study Purpose-This study was undertaken to compare the managerial motivations of male and female library and information science (LIS) students in America with LIS students in India.
Students are generally used for such studies because their values are as important to the researcher as those of the practitioners. 55 An added advantage of surveying students is an immediate feedback. 56 The LIS students are adults when they enroll for profes...
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Research essay sample on Educational Attainment Indian Women
