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Example research essay topic: Source Of Energy Valence Electrons - 1,486 words

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... holes, is achieved by the incorporation into the silicon of atoms with 3 valence electrons, most often boron and n-type doping, the creation of extra electrons is achieved by incorporating an atom with 5 valence electrons, most often phosphorus (see figure 2). Figure 2 Silicon Crystal Lattice with Dont Atoms. Once a p-n junction is created, electrical contacts are made to the front and the back of the cell by evaporating or screen printing metal on to the wafer. The rear of the wafer can be completely covered by metal, but the front only has a grid pattern or thin lines of metal otherwise the metal would block out the sun from the silicon and there would not be any output from the incident photons of light. Applications The ability to produce electricity directly from the suns energy is a revolutionary development.

The technology involved in the production of these silicon cells is complicated and the efficiencies are still not even close to those of thermal solar applications, but these unique energy devices are now seen in places as common as the yard (solar powered lights), the highways (solar powered traffic lights and sign lights), and of course the common calculator. Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity. Some materials exhibit a property, known as the photoelectric effect, that causes them to absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current results that can be used as electricity.

This diagram illustrates the operation of a basic photovoltaic cell, also called a solar cell. When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity. This electricity can then be used to power a load, such as a light bulb or a water pump. A typical four-inch silicon solar cell produces about one-and-a-half watts of electricity in bright noon-time sunshine. Remote locations such as billboards, road signs and other areas where it is cost effective to install solar electric systems with battery backup are becoming more and more common.

Solar cells are made of the same semiconductor materials (usually silicon) used in the microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the other. The basic components of a solar electric array are the photovoltaic panels, battery storage and other sub-assemblies that regulate the storage and release of the sun's electric current. There is a tendency to dismiss the use of solar-generated electricity because of its relatively high price per kilowatt-hour as compared to traditional sources of energy, especially grid- supplied electricity. However, the issue is not so much what solar electricity costs, but rather what the service it provides is worth to the user. Input This is a great way of producing energy for all of mankind.

There are many reasons for this. As most scientist have discovered the world will one day run out of natural resources, which power our homes and modes of transportation and we will need a alternate form of energy when this happens. Not to mention it is 100 % cleaner and safer than other forms of fossil fuels and nuclear power plants. Unless we develop new forms of energy production, our world will be in complete chaos. Sure there are other natural ways to produce energy, as stated above, but compared to the rest solar energy out performs all competitors. Solar energy is the most productive and cheapest form of green energy.

Wind energy is not capable of producing as much energy and takes up much more space than solar panels. Not to mention it is less predictable than the sun its self and can not be relied on as a main source. Geothermal is capable of producing a lot of energy, but sites that make this energy possible are lacking in number. Also major plants have to be constructed to harness this energy, that not only destroy the environment but are quite costly. Along with hydroelectric energy that is probably the most used source of green energy today, but has many downfalls. First off, there needs to be a river or some sort of moving body of water to make this possible.

Not all places in the world have this, but just about every place in the world has sun. In terms of the environment it is quite atrocious since it controls the flow of water it can mess a whole environmental cycle and destroy the homes of the aquatic life. Now on to what the project is really about, Solar Power. There are many convinces to solar power, but of course nothing is perfect. It is more convened for the consumer because they will not have to purchase things to run their house or car, they could just have the solar panel themselves and be independent. The one and major inconvenience of solar power is what do you do on a cloudy day?

Or if one place does not get a lot of sun how can it run? Advantages: Solar energy is a renewable resource that is environmentally friendly. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is available just about everywhere on earth. And this source of energy is free, immune to rising energy prices. Solar energy can be used in many ways - to provide heat, lighting, mechanical power and electricity.

Disadvantages: It can overheat if the windows and thermal mass are not balanced. Large amounts of south-facing glass can cause problems with glare and privacy. The thermal mass used for heat storage should not be covered by carpet or blocked by furnishings. Furnishings and fabrics exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun can degrade or change color. South-facing windows need summer shading and a nighttime insulation covering in winter.

Nighttime insulation can be provided by exterior-mounted panels, interior draperies, shutters, pop-in panels, or other insulating window treatments. One day I believe the whole world will run off of this source of energy and humans will be even more dependant on the sun than they are today. Everything will be run by solar power; our homes, our cars, our street lights, to any basic tool that needs energy to function. We are going to have to invest more into this source of energy because right now it is not capable of running the world we live in.

I fear we will wait too long to invest and will be stuck in a dark age and I mean that literally too. Also we need to advance it further because we are going to need it to be able to store energy on the days that it is cloudy. It is capable of doing that today but not anywhere near the efficiency we need it to be. Advertising This is a source of energy that is not widely advertised, heard of but not advertised. I would run a whole campaign starting from, posters, bumper stickers, to commercials, clubs, and political compromising.

The commercial would have a dark setting, with things that are just barley visible, then all of a sudden it shows oil pumps stop pumping, power plants shutting down, cars not moving, and the world at almost a complete stand still. Then a voice will say, Where will the world be when our natural resources run out. (Pause) Absolutely nowhere! Then a ray of light will shine down on the dark world and every thing will start moving again, just like normal. Then some sort of statement will come on about investing in solar power and how it is the way of the future. Posters and bumper stickers will have some catchy phrase and be in wide production. They will be handed out for free and be in production everywhere to try and get people familiar with what needs to be done for the future.

Posters will have some computer generated art with blazing beams of sunlight coming out of them, like holograms of some sort. Then if I can get a wide enough coalition I can start a political party that promotes the use of solar energy. If I can get it to be big enough we will be the determining factor in many elections for House and Senate and that is when we will really start to see things moving. Works Cited 1. Union of Concerned Scientists (2000) Citizens and Scientists for Environmental Solutions Retrieved December 6, 2001 from: < web 2. Australian Academy of Science (1998) Harnessing direct solar energy Retrieved December 4, 2001 from: < web 3.

Florida Solar (1997) PV Circuits Retrieved November 28, 2001 from: < web 4. PV Power Resource Site (1983) Photovoltaics Retrieved November 28, 2001 from: < web


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Research essay sample on Source Of Energy Valence Electrons

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