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Example research essay topic: Nineteenth Century Folk Music - 1,008 words

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... interested in the education of the common people, and in 1739 the first Education Act was passed, relating to rural schools. One of the basic principles of Norwegian educational policy is that all children and young people have an equal right to education and training irrespective of domicile, sex, social or cultural background and aptitude. All state education is free. Education and the development of skills have high political priority. The objective is an education system that combines the highest academic standards with breadth, i.

e. that includes the largest possible proportion of the population. This will result in a high general educational standard for the whole population an thus in a better quality of life for individuals. It is also one of the main conditions for increased productivity and for ensuring the progress of the Norwegian welfare state. Language Norwegian, which is a Germanic language, is thus only spoken by four million people.

Besides, it exists in two forms, a standard or Dano-Norwegian, and a new Norwegian based on Norwegian dialects, and the two camps have engaged in many struggles over the respective justification and status of their languages. Standard Norwegian is used by the majority. Sami, a Find-Ugric language quite different from Norwegian, is spoken by a small minority, mostly in northernmost Norway. Norway has the world's largest foreign trade per capita, and its prosperity and progress are completely dependent on the international approach of its industry.

But because their language is only understood by Scandinavians, Norwegians have had to get used to communicating in foreign languages 7 chiefly English. The impact of English, and to some extent of Swedish, on Norwegian is so considerable as to be a cause of anxiety among the culturally aware, who are demanding that steps be taken, for instance in schools, to strengthen Norway-gian's's else of their own language. A modest population, scattered settlement and the language situation all present large challenges when it comes to providing a varied range of cultural activities and preserving and developing the cultural heritage. Radio & Television Only one Norwegian TV channel today covers the whole country, though a channel 2 has been debated and planned for years.

The main cause of delay has been divided opinion over its financing: should it be public, and if not, would commercial sponsorship channel necessary funding away from other priorities, such as newspapers? In the public debate, great emphasis has been placed on the need to produce top-quality programs in Norwegian; the fear is that both the language and the culture will suffer if too many programs are simply bought in from abroad. The second of two national radio networks came on the air a few years ago. There are also a number of independent local radio stations and a few TV stations which cover limited regions. Newspapers Daily newspapers are considered an essential commodity in Norway, in their contribution not only to the workings of democracy but also to cultural life. In relation to its population, Norway probably has Europe's highest number of dailies, with each town, as well as more sparsely settled districts, provided with a local paper.

In order to sustain such a press structure, Norway has developed a resource-consuming system of public support, in the form of subsidies towards paper, government advertising, direct grants, loan arrangements, and cheaper distribution. Certain newspapers may be receiving annual subsidies of up to 20 million in Norwegian currency. In addition, the Norwegian daily press is exempt from VAT. It has been calculated that subsidies to the press as a whole account for about 20 per cent of all newspaper income.

Music Of the forms of music current in Norway today, folk music, with roots going back to Norse times, is easily the oldest. It is still very much alive, represents a genuine and unbroken tradition, and is attracting increasing interest today. There was a distinct blossoming of Norwegian musical life from the mid- 1700 s on. In 1765, for instance, Musikselskabet Harmonies's orchestra was founded in Bergen. In uninterrupted activity to this day, it is one of the world's oldest orchestras.

Known now as the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, it is like the younger Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra constantly adding to its artistic stature and international reputation. Other orchestras which have made international names for themselves include the Norwegian Chamber Orchestra, which was toured widely, even giving a concert recently at La Scala, Milano, and performed with leading soloists. In the mid-nineteenth century, the romance genre was made popular through the compositions of Halfdan Kjerulf. Richard Nordraak underlined the importance of folk music as a source of inspiration, and thus exercised a marked influence on Edvard Grieg. Grieg made Norwegian music known abroad, and his bold harmonies and characteristic musical idiom impressed many foreign composers. National themes have inspired more recent composers, too, such as Space Olsen, Eivind Given and Girl Tveitt, not to mention the senior modern figure of Harald Sverud.

Many composers have of course worked in other veins, from Johan Svendsen to our most prominent contemporary composer, Arne Nordheim. The first Norwegian performer to win international renown was the nineteenth-century violinist Ole Bull. Among the many prominent Norwegian musicians welcomed on world stages today are the violinist Are Tellefsen, the pianists Eva Knardahl, Einar Steen-N kleberg and How Auto, and the singers Edith Thallaug, Ingrid Banner, Knut Stream and Ragnar Ulfung; joined more recently by such brilliant young soloists as the pianist Seen Ove Andsnes, the trumpeter Ole Edvard Antonsen, the cellist Tools Mrk and the singers Marianne Hist and Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz. The eminent jazz musicians Jan Garbarek (wind) and Karin Know (vocalist) have also been highly acclaimed outside Norway. In the world of amateur music, choirs and bands play a very large part. Many Norwegian choirs and bands have achieved very high levels of performance and have international prizes to their credit.

Norway's musical life receives substantial public support. Almost 90 per cent of operating expenses are met for five symphony orchestras and various festivals, of which the Bergen Festival is best known abroad.


Free research essays on topics related to: folk music, public support, norway, nineteenth century, norwegian

Research essay sample on Nineteenth Century Folk Music

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