Example research essay topic: Agent Orange And Vietnam - 1,424 words

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We must do everything in our power to make the world recognize that our veterans are still paying a high price for fighting the war in Vietnam. Agent Orange is slowly taking the lives of these brave veterans. The government has recognized some diseases but the rules to compensation can be complex. It was in the 1960 's that we were in the process of trying to destroy vegetation and brush in Vietnam, in doing so we proceeded to contaminate one of the largest parts of the environment, Humankind. War Veterans were exposed to Agent Orange and now live their lives with a disease not necessarily curable. The question remains did these Veterans know about the hazardous effects, and how are they being compensated now?

Agent Orange was the code name for a herbicide developed for the military, primarily for use in tropical climates. It destroyed covering vegetation to protect the American and allied troops from ambush. The product "Agent Orange" was named so for the orange band that was used to mark the drums it was stored in. Agent Orange "was a reddish-brown liquid containing two herbicides: 2, 4, 5 -T was contaminated in the manufacturing process with a type of dioxin - 2, 3, 7, 8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, also known as TCDD. " (VA Fact Sheet) The combined product was mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by vehicle, hand spraying, and aircraft. The term Operation Ranch Hand was the military code name for the spraying of herbicides from United States aircraft in Southeast Asia. "Between 1962 and 1971, Ranch Hand sprayed about 19 million gallons of herbicide, 11 million of which was Agent Orange. " (Buckingham 2) Ranch Hand made attacks more difficult by clearing several hundred yards of vegetation in order to make ambushes more difficult and air attacks easier. There was, "more than 10 % of the land area of South Vietnam was sprayed at least once, and some were sprayed repeatedly. " (Buffer, 1) After several weeks the herbicides would dissolve into the soil which would contaminate the water and the vegetation. "Orange contained relatively high levels of an exceedingly poisonous contaminant known as Dioxin. " (Arison, 1) Dioxin is what remained after the herbicides would dissolve; this is not a harmful substance found in nature, but rather a man made poison.

The introduction to using resources: Choices and Trade-off states that "The choices people have made in just the last hundred years are largely responsible for what we call the environmental crisis. " (Walker, 276) We made this killer and now we are forced to live with it. The destruction this chemical caused to the vegetation should have been the first clue that what destroys nature will in due time destroy us. We are the cause for this mess; but we should have been notified much earlier about the potential risk associated with Agent Orange. According to the Executive Summary on Operations Trail Dust and Ranch Hand, "On April 17, 1995 Researchers have found that during the spraying of Agent Orange in southern Vietnam, dioxin levels in human tissue were as high as 900 times greater in Vietnamese living in southern Vietnam than those living in Northern Vietnam where Agent Orange was not used. " (Arison 5) It was not until 1993, when the Institute of Medicine News reported, "Evidence exists linking three cancers and two other health problems with chemicals used in herbicides used in the Vietnam War, a committee of the Institute of Medicine has concluded. Those diseases are soft tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease as well as chlorine and porphyria catania tardy (PCT). " (Turner-Lowe 1) An explanation of each disease follows: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma refers to any group of cancers of lymphoid tissues that multiply. These are found mainly in the lymph nodes and the spleen.

The symptoms are related to painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck or groin region. There is an attempted cure for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, through chemotherapy and the hope for remission. If this disease is not controlled, it will progressively impair the immune system, which will lead to a death from infections. Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare form of cancer, which are malignant tumors that will arise in the tissues of the head, neck and extremities. They are fleshy growths that have the ability to spread to other organs in the body. They can be removed and the cure rate is good as long as the tumors have not spread throughout the rest of the body. "These soft tissue tumors have a combined average rate of incidence of two cases per 100, 000 persons in the United States. (Glaser, et.

al. , 1992) "Porphyria Cutanea Tardy is due to a defective enzyme in the liver involved in synthesis of the red pigment in blood cells. " (Encarta, 1998) This results in the skin being damaged by the UV rays of light. The individuals effected by PCT develop a fragile skin and often have blisters and tiny cysts on the areas of the skin that are often exposed to the sun. Hodgkin's Disease is characterized by usually painless but progressive enlargement of lymph nodes (or glands) and other lymphoid tissue. Hodgkin's disease most often occurs in people 15 to 35 years of age and over 50. " (Encarta 1999) The cause of Hodgkin's is unknown. There are some general symptoms that are associated with Hodgkin's and they are fever, night sweats, weight loss, and loss of appetite.

The outcome is impairment of the immune system. The determinant of this disease is done through a biopsy, which is the removal of the enlarged lymph node and sent for a pathological study. "If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage and has not metastasized, radiation therapy is commonly used. " (Encarta 1999) Besides the health risks to the Veterans, news from the Institute of Medicine states, "The results of three epidemiological (disease) studies suggest that a father's exposure to herbicides may put his children at a greater risk of being born with spina bifida, which is characterized by a deformity of the spine and spinal cord and can cause neurological problems. " (Institute of Medicine, 1) With the release of information that evidence existed which linked the spraying of herbicides in Vietnam to the veterans and their children now suffering from these diseases, there was still nothing done about it. The government flowered the facts to their satisfaction. In 1998, 37 years after the Vietnam War, the San Diego-Union Tribune uncovered an unpublished study, which was conducted about the health effects of Agent Orange on Vietnam veterans, that was flawed. "A report expressing concerns about cancer and birth defects was altered, with the result that the risks appeared less serious. High ranking Air Force officers interfered with the study's data analysis, undermining its scientific integrity. " (Brooks 1) The public's concern about Agent Orange was overshadowed by the false reports that Agent Orange was not a probable link to cancer or birth defects.

So why were so many veterans being diagnosed with cancer, and what about their children? The "concerns about the herbicide's health effects had been raised since the early ' 70 s, and the public wanted proof. So congress funded the Ranch Hand study. Dettinger (an Air Force Deputy Surgeon General) helped make sure it was done by Air Force scientists. " (Brooks 2) Finally, a study that would help clarify, what was going on with these veterans and their families. However, it was the Air Force that ended up being the recipient to review the Ranch Hand Study. "The Ranch Hand study - looks at a group of veterans who were directly involved in spraying the bulk of the nearly 19 million gallons of chemical defoliant in Vietnam during the war. " (Institute of Medicine, 1) For years it was cover up after cover up and the Veterans were getting no answers and no justice. In 1984 the Air Force drafted two major Ranch Hand reports.

One of them was withheld. The other was published, but its findings were altered. "The report that was withheld dealt specifically with reproductive health issues, and stressed birth defects and infant deaths. It showed high rates of both among children of Ranch Hand veterans. " (Brooks 3) It was also found that the Ranch Hand veterans were being diagnosed with almost twice as many cancers as those who did not participate in Ranch Hand. This group had over 135 % more skin cancers, yet the governmental science...

Research essay sample on Agent Orange And Vietnam