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Example research essay topic: Human Beings Human Nature - 1,394 words

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In the Gospel of St. Matthew, chapter 27 A-B, the people are given the traditional release of one prisoner. They have a choice, the just man Jesus Christ and the notable prisoner Barabbas. When asked which prisoner should be released the people responded, Barabbas. (convinced by the chief priests and elders. ) Pontius Pilate asks what punishment he should be given. They all responded: Let him be crucified. Disturbed by the obvious injustice, Pilate feebly asks, What evil hath he done?

The people rise in blind, tumultuous cries, Let him be crucified! Again, Pilate appeals to them by washing his hands before the people and saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person. The impassioned crowd, the tumult rising, calls the accountability upon themselves, His blood be on us, and on our children! Bach captures the horrific nature of this event exquisitely in The St.

Matthew Passion. The chorus explodes into rising human voices, violently one upon the other, in a terrifying spectacle of mob mentality. The listener is disturbed; the wrongness of it frightens and saddens him. This is an example of a mass human sentiment.

It is undeniably immoral and frightening in its intensity. The people are aroused beyond even what they have been convinced of, to the point of willfully taking the guilt of innocent blood onto the whole human race. What is this phenomena? To a rational individual, the passion of the masses is not only illogical, but depraved and evil; it is the product of an emotional momentum with nothing inherent in it to check its behavior. While, undoubtedly, a zealous mass sentiment could possibly work for a good thing, what is to insure that it will?

A mass of humans has no collective moral conscious; there is no set of laws that it obeys, neither head nor heart exists to serve as guide. In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx uses caustic and powerfully persuasive rhetoric to inflame the mass of the proletariat into revolution. He calls for the abolishment of government as it is known, to be replaced with the forward movement towards a community of mass sentiment. According to Marx's economic theory, the present state of capitalism is inherently unstable; by its own nature it is destined to exhaust itself leaving an over-simplified society of human beings that have been reduced to the status of things. The oppressed workers, owners of no property, will collectively revolt and reconstruct society into communism, where all property in publicly owned.

However, after the immediate revolution, it is the proletariat who become the rulers and it is up to them to instill communism. The proletariat consists of the majority of the people, an enormous group of individuals, who, with the blood of recent revolution on their hands, have to establish a new way of governing society. What is to insure that these united people will start and maintain a community of communal brotherhood? And why would Marx suppose that the individual human being would be satisfied with becoming communal or that it is best for him? The conflict here is the conflict of man in society.

Each man is an autonomous individual programmed on at least an animal level for his own personal survival, he experiences distinct emotions and desires, he is given certain facilities and skills different from other human beings. At the same time, he is a social being, desirous of affection and recognition from other humans and sympathetic to their experience of life. The two parts of man sometimes conflict with and other times are augmented by each other. A mans individual experience is his own; he feels, thinks, desires, and works of his own accord. It may even be asserted that these activities are even more central to his being than his social creature ness. Man knows himself best and it may be said that his inclinations toward being individual are stronger than his inclinations towards society.

Man seeks to protect his individual natural rights to exist as himself. He wants to become what his desires and abilities dictate that he should. However, what would a man be without the society his born directly into? Certainly, some parts of an individual mans personality are determined by the environment in which he finds himself; he may be able to think, feel, and endeavor all alone, but how does he think?

What makes him choose to endeavor for one thing and not another? At least in part, these things are determined by the social part of man and what he has learned from the influence of other human beings. Man uses a cooperative language, he guides his thought with the histories of former human beings, and in modern society, his food, clothing, shelter, etc. are, most likely, the products of the work of many people. Perhaps, indirectly, he is dependent on all people past and present. When man determines the way that society is governed, he is obligated to address this problem.

Over the course of history, man has strived to find a way of governing itself such that both qualities are satisfied. A design is sought of ethical ideals, where each individual is happy with his relation to society while society at large flourishes because of the contributions of its constituents. Supposedly, when a promising solution is formulated, it is stated as a goal and worked toward. Marx denies this is true in any case. For how are such utopias of human existence determined as right, and how do they develop? Marx claims that the people who dream of such societies are merely that, dreamers.

They have only the degree of power that people who agree with them afford to them. These utopias are fantasies and are born of a wish for their already established society to be the best, For how can people, when once they understand their system, fail to see in it the best possible plane of the best possible state of society? (CMp. 35) While Marx thinks these people are useful for education, (because they attack every principle of existing society (CMp. 36) ) they are not effective for real, lasting, reform and merely delay the societies evolution into communism. Eventually these forms of social thought and action, if developed under capitalism, degenerate into conservative socialism... a force that seeks to address only the symptoms and not the cause of societal ills.

For Marx, asking the question of how to satisfy human nature is irrelevant. To try to find a system of government that is best is not reasonable because, according to Marx, there is no best, nor any human nature. History follows its own course set into motion at some point along the way. And along the way mans conscious nature changes, Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that mans ideas, views, and conceptions, in one word mans consciousness, changes with every change in the conditions of his existence, in his social relations and in his social life? (CMp. 24) While the individual part of man, his animal need for survival, the fact that he thinks and feels, may be static; the communal part, what he thinks and feels, can change. Marx makes examples of the changing face of society over history. At one point man considered feudalism to be natural, that he had natural superiors.

Man once believed in the divine right of kings, in the subjugation of the Church. Over time these forms of government were destroyed and replaced, along with the belief that was the way society should be. In a footnote to Section I, Engles claims that it has been proven that primitive societies were more cooperative in nature than competitive. Thus, at least at one time, mans nature was not so strongly slanted towards his individual side. Naturally, it is possible that the things people believe under capitalism are also changeable. At some point, before recorded history, the development of society was set into the course it is on now; the reasons are not important for the fact remains: each epoch of history is born from ruins of the previous and while ideas, views, and conceptions change, they change according to one rule only: class antagonism.

Marx declares this with confidence, The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (CMp. 3) In all societies, he finds, as the onl...


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Research essay sample on Human Beings Human Nature

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