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Example research essay topic: Positive And Negative Effects Military Coup - 1,995 words

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A tiny tropical island sits in the Caribbean, decorated with palm trees and colorful hibiscus flowers. Its mountains stand majestically looking down upon sandy beaches and green valleys. From a distance it appears as any other island you might encounter sailing the waters of the Caribbean. Yet, as you come closer you notice a difference. There are no tourist resorts dotting the coasts, no high rise hotels with sand volleyball courts and marimba bands.

This is Haiti, this is different. If the land could speak it would tell of tragedy and violence, of abuse and bloodshed, of power and greed. Why does the country stand apart from its neighbors? The answer lies in the turbulent history of this tiny nation. Christopher Columbus landed on this tropical climate, mostly rough and mountainous island he called, "La isla espanola" in December 1492 (The name was later shortened to Hispaniola). The island was inhabited by local Arawak Indians who referred to their home as "Hayti", or mountainous land.

In keeping with imperialistic ideology, the Spaniards used and abused the native Arawaks to the point of near extinction. It's location and lush soil made Haiti a treasure constantly sought after by Britain, France and Spain. Finally, by the middle of the 17 th century the island became a French colony. Under French rule Haiti flourished.

Haitian products were in great demand in the European market and the tiny island became invaluable as a resource for cocoa, cotton, sugar cane and coffee. Unfortunately, the great demands for these products also created a demand for inexpensive labor. The French, as the Spanish before them looked to Africa as a solution to the labor problem. They imported slaves from the west coast of Africa.

By 1780, Haiti was one of the wealthiest regions in the world. France relied heavily on the slave trade to maintain its economic base. This created a number of problems that would later affect the future of Haiti. First, the slaves brought with them the religious practices of voodoo which for them was more a lifestyle than a religion.

Second, the French treated the slaves with undue harshness creating hatred amid an already resentful environment. Third, a class of mulatto's arose from the relations of the slave owners and the slaves. There arose a class system, still present today, with a minority of light skinned, sophisticated, Catholic, French-speaking Haitians at odds with dark-skinned, voodoo worshipping, Creole-speaking masses. In 1791, a successful slave revolt was initiated against the French.

The Haitian slaves ousted Napoleon, and by 1804, the island becomes the first black independent nation, with General Dessalines declaring himself emperor. With power comes abuse and the abuses of Dessalines led to his assassination. He was followed by Henri Christophe, an illiterate ex-slave who ruled in the north and Alexandre Person, a mulatto who ruled in the south. When Christophe died the north and south united.

In 1844, the island split into two countries, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The tiny country of Haiti was in a state of anarchy, poverty was rampant and there was no one with the support or ability to rule and govern fairly. The class system was ever present with the wealthy at one extreme and the poor at the other. By 1915, American marines stepped in to calm the situation.

The occupation had both positive and negative effects. Thanks to the Marines, the infrastructure of the country was enhanced. Paved roads, houses, hospitals and sewage systems were built. However, once again the Haitians found themselves in an occupied state and their rulers were white. This resulted in even greater power for the lighter skinned Haitians. When the Americans left in 1934 the country was still in shambles.

There was a constant struggle for power between the Catholic Church and the followers of voodoo. The United States fruit companies that settled and developed on lands taken from Haitian peasants were a source of constant tension. Many leaders came and went but no one united or moved the nation forward. In 1957, Francois Duvalier, "Papa Doc", declared himself "President for life." Fear ruled the nation under Duvalier and his Tontons Macoutes.

Terror reigned under the police repression of his government. Unfortunately, even that stable, structured government didn't help the people economically, educationally or otherwise. With the death of Duvalier, his son Jean Claude, ("Baby Doc") came into power. Life under Baby Doc was only slightly better for the Haitian people than before.

His rule was tainted with crimes of repression and a plundering of the riches of the country. Finally, Baby Doc was exiled to France. After the exile, the country was ridden with mass massacres and rigged elections. Today, power goes back and forth from one leader to the next without any positive results for the people.

In 1990, a priest from the slums of Port Au Prince was elected by 67 % of the people. Jean Bertrand Aristide was seen as the first leader of the people since 1804. The rooster emblem of Aristide replaced the guinea faun worn by the Tontons Macoutes. In 1991, a military coup ended the Aristide presidency and he went into exile.

The Organization of American States imposed a strict embargo against Haiti causing the country great economic hardship. Many Haitians tried to escape by boat only to suffer death or relocation to camps at Guantanamo, Cuba. Today, Haiti is still struggling with poverty and instability. Elections have failed to produce leadership that can deal with the many problems of this tiny country. The future of Haiti depends on the ability of its leaders to discover solutions to bring it successfully into the 21 st century. (President Ren Garcia Prval) Haiti is a republic like we (The United States) are. They have a elected president, a executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch.

More on their president, his name is Ren Garcia Prval he was inaugurated President of the Republic of Haiti on February 7, 1996, the second democratically elected head of state in the country's 200 -year history. Prior to that in 1995, he directed the Economic and Social Assistance Fund. He served as Prime Minister in the administration of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide from February 1991 until the military coup d'tat of September 29 th forced him to seek refuge at the French and Mexican Embassies in Port-au-Prince before joining the exiled Constitutional Government in Washington, D. C. from 1992 - 94.

Mr. Prval retained the Premier's portfolio as well as those of Interior and Defense until August 1993 when he was retained by President Aristide as chief adviser. A reserved and pleasant man, Mr. Prval has taken a pragmatic approach to problem solving and is well known for what is known in Haiti as ce bon sens paypal. He was born on January 17, 1943 in Port-au-Prince, one of four children. He holds a degree in agronomy from the College of Gembloux in Belgium and has a background in both engineering and geothermic's.

As a young man he was forced to leave Haiti with his family in 1963 after they were targeted by dictator Francis "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Returning to the country in 1975 after also spending five years in Brooklyn, New York, he obtained a position with the National Institute for Mineral Resources. Following the fall of Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier in February 1986, Mr. Prval became active in many popular organizations and voluntary agencies. These included Lafanmi Slave (The Family is Life), an orphanage and educational facility launched by Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the Fred Coriolan Committee, and the Komite Pa Life (Always Remember Committee), which sought justice for the innumerable victims of the Duvalier family dictatorship. He also played a primary role in the Initiative Group of Civil Society for the Respect of the Constitution known as Honneur - Respect (Honor - Respect) which paved the way for a provisional civilian government to hold the historic, democratic elections of December 1990.

Mr. Prval played no small role in the landslide election of Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Together with businessman Antoine Izmery, they were the architects of Father Aristide's stunning electoral victory. Often referred to as Title's "twin, " Mr. Prval has sought to continue the work started by his predecessor in widening the aperture for popular, grassroots political participation and the reform and modernization of State institutions.

Haiti's two major trade partners are the United states and the European Union. There are six main agricultural regions: the north, the Cibao valley in the north central area, Constant and There, the east, the San Juan valley, and the south. Cibao is the most fertile and largest region, while the eastern region is the main sugar-producing area. Agriculture is the principal economic activity in Haiti. Subsistence crops include cassava, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, yams, corn, and plantains. Most Haitians own and farm tiny plots of land, and great population density has caused rural poverty and extensive deforestation.

Haiti's major exports are light manufactures and coffee; other exports include cotton, sugar, sisal, bauxite, and essences. The United States is the countrys leading trading partner. Industry in Haiti consists largely of light manufacturing; products include refined sugar and other foodstuffs, textiles, cement, liquors, essential oils, leather goods, soap, and footwear. Some bauxite and copper are mined, but other mineral deposits have barely been tapped.

Economic sanctions imposed by the United States and others to force a military regime to return power to the elected government, and later the governments inability to meet aid conditions, further damaged the impoverished economy during the 1990 s. About 80 % of the population lives in abject poverty. Nearly 70 % of all Haitians depend on the agriculture sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming and employs about two-thirds of the economically active work force. About 95 % of the inhabitants are descendants of African slaves who still follow West African cultural patterns. Since the mid- 19 th cent. , however, Haiti has been dominated by the mulatto (5 %) minority, which clings to the French cultural tradition. French is the official languages of Haiti, although the vast majority of the people speak Haitian Creole, a French dialect.

Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion (80 %), but African nature gods are still worshipped and von (voodoo) rites are practiced. Other religions include Roman Catholic, Protestant (16 %), Baptist (10 %), Pentecostal (4 %), Adventist (1 %). Forms of money in Haiti are known as gourdes (one gourdes = 100 centimes). In one gourdes there are 18. 262 American dollars.

This is the highest exchange rate in years past. The Haitian flag has two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto LUNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength). The United Stats has a very good relationship with Haiti as you read before by 1915, American marines stepped in to calm the situation. The occupation had both positive and negative effects. Thanks to the Marines, the infrastructure of the country was enhanced.

Paved roads, houses, hospitals and sewage systems were built. This was a attempt to get this country in turmoil on its feet. Today the US remains one Haiti's most reliable trade partners. Epilogue Doing this report for me was a learning experience. I learned of a country's and a peoples will to succeed as a independant nation. I knew of Haiti before I selected it as a topic for my semester project and I even know some people that lived there but I never knew of the hardships it faced with its fight for independance and to stay economically stable.

What I learned in this report was just about everything about Haiti other than the fact that some Haitians speek french. I hope you enjoy reading this paper as much as I enjoyed writing it. Bibliography: Bibliography web web (Haiti) web The Random House Encyclopedia


Free research essays on topics related to: positive and negative effects, haitians, haiti, class system, military coup

Research essay sample on Positive And Negative Effects Military Coup

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