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Example research essay topic: Free Of Charge Collective Farms - 1,526 words

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... d slots based on predicted demand for given occupations. Stringent entrance exams eliminated a large number of applicants. Some 90 percent of freshmen entering one university department had private tutoring for eight years before taking the tests (Romania Higher Education, 1).

It was because the exams were tailored to the course of study, as early as the fifth grade students began planning their specializations, so that they could devote the last four years of elementary school and four years of high school to the subjects in which they would be tested. Both high school teachers and university professors confirmed that it was next to impossible to enter the university without private tutoring. The cost of a private tutor was prohibitive for many workers and peasant families, and rural-urban differences in education exacerbated their difficulties. A point system that discriminated in the favor of workers and peasants was apparently not enough to compensate for poorer preparation. Such students had less chance of getting into universities and even when admitted been more likely to drop out. Most of the 20 percent of students dropping out after the first year were of peasant or working-class backgrounds (Romania Higher Education, 1).

Although the state provided generous financial support ranging from low-cost housing and meals, free tuition, and book subsidies to monthly stipends, higher education was not free of charge. For those students who received financial aid, the amount depended on factors such as social background and specialization. Some students were sponsored by a particular industrial enterprise, for which they pledged to work for a certain amount of time after completing their studies. In Romania, almost 97 percent of the population can read and write. Education is compulsory for four years in rural areas and seven years in the cities. Admission to an advanced institution depends on a variety of factors, including the student's social background (Global Road Warrior, 1).

The Romanian legal system is based on the Napoleonic Code. The judiciary is to be independent, and judges appointed by the president are not removable. The president and other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for a term of 6 years and may serve consecutive terms. Proceedings are public, except in special circumstances provided for by law (Jurist law, 1). In Romania, the largest religion was Romanian Orthodox 70 %. The second largest religion was Protestant 6 %.

Roman Catholic and United Catholic were 3 %. In the late 1980 s, the Romanian Orthodox Church, by far the largest denomination, claimed some 16 million members -- roughly 70 percent of the total population. The church had some 12, 000 places of worship and 9, 000 priests and was the most generously supported of all denominations. Party nominees filled the most important positions in the Orthodox hierarchy, and the church remained patently submissive to the regime, even in the face of repeated attacks on the most basic religious values and continued violations of church rights. Church leaders lauded the "conditions of religious freedom" that the state had guaranteed them and were known to collaborate with the Securitate in silencing clergymen who spoke out against the demolition of churches, interference in church affairs, and atheistic propaganda in the media (Religion, 1).

Music is one of famous aesthetics in Romania. Romanian folk music is sung and played in the villages at annual celebrations, Sunday get-togethers or whenever. In the cities, professional groups such as the Romanian Radio Folk Music Orchestra perform the same music in a more sophisticated style. Couples may dance in a circle, semicircle or line. In the belt dance, the dancers form a chain by grasping their neighbors belt, whereas in the waist dance the line of dancers has their arms around each other's waist. The doing is an individual, improvised love song, a sort of Romanian blues with a social or romantic theme.

The blade on the other hand is a collective narrative song, which reflects the conditions and / or feelings of the people, often with some historic content. Many group songs are vestiges of archaic rites, such as weddings, funerals or harvest festivals. Traditional folk instruments include the barium (alphorn), campo (bagpipe), cobra (a pear-shaped string instrument with 8 to 12 strings), nai (a pan pipe of about 20 cane tubes), many kinds of flutes, including the ocarina (a ceramic flute) and the tiling (a flute without finger holes). The violin, though of more recent origin, is today the most common folk instrument (Stanley). The often dire living conditions of the Roma is a community of 200 living near the municipal dump site in the Transylvanian city of Cluj in northwestern Romania.

Their home is known as "Pataret", but the people here call it Dallas. They have been living illegally on this plot of land for the past three years, and the authorities have decided to remove them in the near future. Some of them came when their collective farms were privatized and they were thrown off the land. Others were chased away from their villages, and yet others came after losing all their possessions in pyramid money schemes. Some of them came when their collective farms were privatised and they were thrown off the land.

Others were chased away from their villages, and yet others came after losing all their possessions in pyramid money schemes (Socio-economic conditions). Although housing was a high priority, in the 1980 s it remained inadequate in both supply and quality. The law allotted only twelve square meters of living space per person, and the average citizen had even less -- about ten square meters. More than half a million workers lived in hostels; some had lived there for many years, even after they had married and had children. These hostels were known for their cramped and squalid conditions and for the heavy drinking and violence of their occupants. The lists of persons waiting for housing were long, and bribes of as much as 40, 000 lei were necessary to shorten the wait.

Defying reality, the PCR leadership pronounced the housing problem "solved for the most part" and predicted its total elimination by 1990, an unlikely prospect in view of the fact that new housing construction during the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1986 - 90) had fallen far short of target. To achieve the official goal of fourteen square meters per person by the year 2000, it would have been necessary to complete an apartment every three minutes. Common-published statistics and even figures released by the Romanian government indicated that in fact there had been a sharp decline in the construction of new dwelling space (Housing). Little information is available yet on Romanian boys' clothing. Some information is available on traditional clothing. Romania appears to have been more influenced by the French than other Balkan countries (Historical boy clothing).

Romanians recreation is sports mostly. Their favorite sports include soccer and tennis but they also enjoy boxing and golf. In Romania, beaches and luxury resorts line the Black Sea coast, which extends for some 245 km (153 miles) from the Danube Delta towards the border with Bulgaria in the south. The sea is clean and the absence of tides makes it ideal for swimming, windsurfing and many other types of water sports. Some of the best-known resorts include the seaport of Constanta (served by a number of international ferry operators) Sailing is widely practised on the coast, while Romania's many rivers are well suited for kayaking. Romania has many easily accessible places for fishing such as the Danube Delta (where there are over 160 fish species including sturgeon, wel, pike and carp) and on lakeshore's around big cities.

Winter sports: There are numerous facilities for skiing with pistes of varying degrees of difficulty found in almost all mountain resorts, the majority of which are equipped with cable cars. The main ski resorts are at Point Brasov (13 km/ 8 miles from Brasov) and Sinai. Facilities are limited in comparison to more established skiing destinations. Sledging tracks, skating and ice hockey are available at most mountain resorts. (Sport and Activities) Health care in socialist Romania was provided free of charge by the state and, at least in theory, to all citizens. The elderly, who represented a growing percentage of the population (14. 3 percent in 1986), received shoddy treatment from the state. Through regulations issued at the local level, they were unable to move to larger cities -- where food and health care were more readily available -- even when their children offered to care for them.

There was also widespread discrimination against the aged in health care. Hospitals responded to emergency calls from citizens over 60 years old slowly, if at all. Physicians routinely avoided treating the elderly in nonemergency cases and reportedly were under strict instructions from the state to reduce drug prescriptions for the aged. Homes for old people, established and run by the state social security system had appalling reputations.

In these institutions, the elderly suffered from inadequate medical care, poor hygienic standards, and the same food and heating shortages that affected the general population. After 1984 the winter months brought many complaints that old people had to go without...


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