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Example research essay topic: The Importance Of Ibn Khaldun In Islam - 1,766 words

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In the modern world Islam is seen as many things, but rarely is it viewed as a source of inspiration and enlightenment. Though it is a force of enlightenment and it is not only verses of the Quran that testify to that fact, but also the great body of scholarship produced during the middle Ages. While Europe was in the midst of darkness, it was the Muslims, spurred on by the light of their new Deen who picked up the torch of scholarship and science. It was the Muslims who preserved the knowledge of antiquity, elaborated upon it, and finally, passed it on to Europe. Although every person earns what they do and pass on, it is important for us to learn about and appreciate the contributions of the Islamic civilization by the early Muslims. Colonialism, the institution of the Western educational model, along with Euro centrism often portrays Islam as backwards, incompatible with science and technology and anti-educational.

Muslim school children never learn of their glorious past and often the only thing passed on to them is the inferiority complex of the generation before them. From the past we can learn from our mistakes and use the analysis of those great examples such as Ibn Khaldun before us as role models to enrich us in the future. Ibn Khaldun is the most important figure in the field of History and Sociology in Muslim History. He is one of those shining stars and has contributes so much to our western world. In order to understand his work, one must understand his life. He lived a life in search of stability and influence.

He came from a family of scholars and politicians and he intended to live up to both expectations. You can probably imagine what his family would expect of him. He would succeed in the field of Scholarship much more so than in any other field. Ibn Khaldun had many names. These are his names: Abdurahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Jabir bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim bin Abdurahman bin Ibn Khaldun.

His ancestry according to him originated from Hadramut, Yemen. Through the help of Ibn Have he traced his ancestry. He learned about his grandfather who was the first to enter Andalusia. He also traced his ancestry back to Wail Ibn Hair one of the oldest Yemenite tribe.

In either case, it points and tells us that he came from an Arabic origin. (1332 - 1406). In the more than 1, 000 years between the times of the philosopher Aristotle in ancient Greece and the writer Machiavelli in Renaissance Italy, the most preeminent social scientist in the West was a Muslim Arab scholar named Ibn Khaldun. He was a historian, philosopher of history, and sociologist, much of whose life was devoted to public service and teaching. Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis on May 27, 1332, the descendant of a family that had for centuries served in high administrative posts in Spain and North Africa.

He received a thorough education in the Koran -- the holy book of Islam -- and in Muslim law and the masterpieces of Arab literature. From 1352 to 1375 he held various government posts in Spain and Africa. He then retired to a castle near Friend, Algeria, and wrote his masterpiece, the 'Muqaddimah', an introduction to history. In 1382 he sailed to Egypt, where he spent most of the remainder of his life. He became a teacher at schools in Cairo and was made a chief judge and interpreter of Muslim law. In 1400 he spent several months at the court of Timur Link, also known as Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror who had just overrun Syria.

He eventually returned to Cairo, where he died on March 17, 1406. Ibn Khaldun's chief works were the 'Muqaddimah' and the 'Kitab al-'ibn', a definitive history of Muslim North Africa. The 'Muqaddimah', a theoretical introduction to the latter, presents a philosophy of history and of the rise and fall of cultures. Filled with brilliant observations on economics, politics, education, and historiography, it also contains wide-ranging sociological sketches in a variety of areas. When Ibn tafrakin, ruler of Tunis called Ibn Khaldun to Tunis, this is when Ibn Khaldun would get a first hand look at the inner workings of court and the workings of court politics and government.

After this, Ibn Khaldun fled to Aba where he lived with Mowahideen. The reason for this was simple. Abu Zip, the empire of Constantine, marched his forces on Tunis. Ibn Khaldun accompanied Ibn Tafrakin with the forces that would ward off Aby Ziads attacks. But unfortunately, Tunis was defeated and this is when Ibn Khaldun went to Aba. He would move back and forth to Algeria but later settled in Biskra.

In 1352 (755 A. H) Ibn Khaldun would accept the invitation to join the council of Salama and would move to Fez. He eventually was promoted to be the post of the seal bearer. And accepted it because it was inferior to the posts once occupied by his ancestors.

So he wanted to show the people that someone in the family could get a job in a rank that was considered to be very high at that time. To further his studies, Ibn Khaldun stayed in Fez. He enjoyed the company of many scholars from North Africa and Andalusia. He was also being promoted to one position to another. He was a very young man at this time in his life and started to engage in court politics.

Unfortunately Ibn Khaldun went to prison for a couple of years because he conspired with the dethroned ruler of Bougie who was captive in Fez at that time. His name was Abu Abdullah Muhammad. The Sultan Abu Enan found out about the conspiracies and imprisoned Ibn Khaldun. Abu Abdullah was era leased from prison and Ibn Khaldun lingered on for two more years.

Unfortunately Sultan Abu Enan died before he go to fulfill his promise to release Ibn Khaldun from jail before he died. Ibn Khaldun was released by the order of The Wazir Al-Hassan and he was restored to his former position. Ibn Khaldun wanted a higher position in court politics but he was refused because many people did not trust his. This upset him very much and he wanted to resign his position. This in turn upset the Wazir. Ibn Khaldun asked to leave Fez because he wanted to go back to Tunisia.

This request was refused. It was than that he asked the Wazir's son in law to be allowed to leave and than he was granted permission to leave Morocco and headed back to Tunisia. Sultan Muhammad al-Ahmar, the king of Granada, was deposed by his brother Ismail who was supported by his brother-in-law. Sultan Muhammad was a friend of Sultan Abu Salem who helped him when he was deported to Andalusia by Sultan Abu Enan.

When Sultan Abu Enan died and Sultan Abu Salem became the ruler that friendship was rekindled. Further when Ismail al-Ahmar was declared king of Granada in a place revolt, Sultan Muhammad took refuge in Morocco with Sultan Abu Salem. They were welcomed with great enthusiasm; Ibn Khaldun was present at the festivities. Among Sultan Muhammad's party was his wise Wazir Ibn al-Khatib who developed a close friendship with Ibn Khaldun.

Sultan Muhammad would attempt to restore his throne in Granada through an agreement with Pedro the cruel, the King of Castile. Pedro would delay the execution of the agreement upon hearing of Sultan Abu Salem death. Sultan Muhammad would appeal to Ibn Khaldun to get the assistance from Wazir Omar. Ibn Khaldun would use his influence to help him. Further Ibn Khaldun was entrusted to care for Sultan Muhammad's family in Fez. The Wazir would grant Sultan Muhammad Ronda and the surrounding country.

Sultan Muhammad would continue his efforts and recapture his throne in 1361 (763 A. H. ). He would recall his Wazir Ibn al-Khatib. When the relationship between Ibn Khaldun would turn sour and uncertain he would turn towards Andalusia.

He would be welcomed and honored well by Sultan Muhammad who admitted him to his private council. In the following year Sultan Muhammad would send Ibn Khaldun on an Ambassadorial mission to Pedro, the King of Castile. Ibn Khaldun would conclude and peaceful terms between them. Pedro would offer Ibn Khaldun a position in his service and to return to him his family's former estate at Castile. Ibn Khaldun would decline the offer.

Upon his return from Castile, Ibn Khaldun would offer Pedro's gift to him to the Sultan and in return, the Sultan would give him the Village of Elvira. Soon Ibn Khaldun would be restless once more and in the following year, he would receive an invitation from his friend Abu Abdullah, who had recaptured his throne at Bougie. Ibn Khaldun left Granada in 1364 (766 A. H. ) for Bougie after asking permission to leave from Sultan Muhammad. Ibn Khaldun would arrive in Bougie at the Age of 32 years. His plans have finally been realized.

The period of imprisonment in Fez did not go to waste. He would enter the city as favorite guest. He would accept the position of Khatib for Emir Muhammad. This life of power would not last long as in the following year Abdul Abbas would kill the Emir Muhammad, his cousin.

Ibn Khaldun handed the city to him and retired to the city of Biskra. He would continue his political work in relaying the tribes to the service of this Emir or that Sultan. He would continue his practice of shifting loyalties as the times and opportunities afforded him. He would finally retire to a far outpost south of Constantine, fort Salama. In Fort Salama he would enjoy this peaceful existence and would begin to write down his famous Muqaddimah and first version of his universal history at the age of forty-five years. He would dedicate his work to the current Emir of Constantine, Sultan Abdul Abbas.

Tranquility did not last long with Ibn Khaldun, as he needed more reference works, which were not available at this far outpost. He used the occasion of the Abdul Abbas conquest of Tunisia to go to Tunis. This would be the first time he would return to the town of his birth since leaving it over 27 years ago. There would be political forces at work against him once more and this time before he would fall out of favor he would use a convenient occasion 1382 to leave North Africa behind never to return.


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Research essay sample on The Importance Of Ibn Khaldun In Islam

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