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Example research essay topic: Lower Orbicular Muscles Sapiens Are The Only Mammals Female - 1,041 words

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... straight downward, towards his feet (45). This nose structure helped to deflect the water from going up the nose of the ape when she went into the water. Darwin explains that eyebrows and lower orbicular muscles were used mainly for facial expression, Morgan agrees and also has another reason. She felt the female aquatic animals needed them to protect their eyes from the glare of the sun. She needed to be able to see her babies while they were in the water.

The eyebrows protected from above and the lower orbicular muscles from below. For the male the reasoning was similar yet different; he needed it to see across the water to identify enemies. While constricting his face to stare he was also giving a sign of hostility and anger also (49). Babies learned to interpret and respond to their mothers facial expressions. This is how they created their own and over years were able to express feelings from the expression on their face alone. Morgan tells how mammals need liquids but seawater is not suitable for drinking.

If a mammal were to drink large amounts of seawater they would die. The ape was getting a high amount of salt into her body because all the food she was eating was from the sea. One way she excreted the excess salt was through the form of tears. If you want to find another weeping primate you cant, humans are the only ones. There are sea mammals that do but no primates. (52) During the chapter Morgan also explains the importance and the development of the buttocks. The area became more padded because she needed that area to have extra protection from the beach and rocks.

The buttock was used to protect the anus, the urethra, and the vagina (56). The subcutaneous fat her body was forming for warmth and breasts also developed in the posterior area. Not only did her butt get bigger her vagina moved forward and deeper into her body. These were very dramatic changes for her. The vagina shifted along with other internal organs because she was changing the degree angle in which she stood. Instead of the normal quadruped 90 -degree angel between her spine and her hind legs [it became a] 180 -degree [angle] (59).

The vagina also got more protection from a membrane called the hymen. This formed to protect it for the first thirteen years that it was not being used. (60) The male also needed to change as the woman changed. Humans have the largest penis of all living primates because of the location of a womans vagina on her body. The penis needed to become longer to reach the vagina. The sex position changed because of this, too. Instead of rear mounting it become venture-ventral; since he could no longer make it from the back (62).

Chapter four of Morgans book deals mainly with the female orgasm. Morgan discusses many other scientist and researchers views on the truth and myth of it. Many tests and a lot of research has shown that female Homo sapiens are the only mammals to experience orgasm. Researches know that it happens in women, but they arent sure in how many women, how often or why. There is also debate about whether there is one or more type of orgasm. Some say there is a vaginal, others say clitoral and some say both.

There is also a debate in the importance of an orgasm. Morgan quotes E. Havemann, Many women never have orgasm yet greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse which gives them profound sensual and psychological satisfaction (73). Different scientist has different views on the reason for orgasm.

Morgan feels that the orgasm is a defect in women caused by evolution that has not had a chance to correct itself yet. She also explains that woman was given the orgasm so both the male and female could enjoy the act of procreation together. Homo sapiens are the only mammals where a female will be forced to mate. In each species addressed in this chapter the female has the choice whether or not to mate with the male, she chooses whom and when, she is the one wanting to. Morgan discusses that the behavioral rewarded received by the female of other species is not in a biological but is physiological. She comes to her own conclusion that in creature other then us the act of fulfillment was perfected millions of years ago.

That the pleasure they receive is mechanical since it is created with the rapid rhythmical friction that occurs. She feels we are in a transition stage right now. The body is still used to a stimulation caused by rear entry where the woman has no control. The vaginal wall is still sensitive in areas that cannot be fully stimulated by front entry or rear entry because of its location. (82 - 89) Chapter five entitled Love doesnt speak much of love.

The chapter begins as she speaks more of the mechanics of sexual attraction and desires in both males and females of certain species. She ends the chapter with the things that makeup love and the way sex and love are related. Morgan states that evolutionary change does not occur overnight. They arent things that miraculously happen just because. They need strong reasoning for occurring and they are gradual changes from generation to generation. They dont just happen because one animal of the species needs it, it must be needed by all of the species for them to stay alive. (94) In animals love is present in the mother-child relationship.

We are able to see the mother nurture the baby and take care of it so that it stays alive. Love is not evident in the mating ritual of animals, there is a behavioral reward for the male after the mating, he is satisfied where as the female can just walk away satisfied but not really caring. In humans women seek the sex for fulfillment. They seek a male for security and companionship. Male animals often try to comfort the females just as humans do. He didnt like to see her frightened (110).

Not only was this a touch of comfort it w...


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Research essay sample on Lower Orbicular Muscles Sapiens Are The Only Mammals Female

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