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2613547 October 17, 2005 Thesis Paper Mc Murphys Downfall This novel is narrated by Chief Broom, the son of an Indian chief, who pretends to be a deaf mute as a protection against a society which denies his dignity as a human being. Many of his comments on conditions in the hospital ward and in society, while are not literally true, are accurate metaphors for the social regimentation against which the novel protests. The action of the novel begins with the arrival of Randle Patrick Mc Murphy, a rambunctious and free-spirited roisterer who has chosen to come to the mental hospital to avoid completing a sentence at a prison farm. He is instantly and deliberately in conflict with Nurse Ratched, "Big Nurse, " whose object is to reduce the patients on her ward to abject conformity. As many of these patients have deliberately chosen to stay in the hospital to avoid the pressures of life outside, she has met with little resistance until Mc Murphy's arrival.
Almost immediately Mc Murphy becomes a focus of hope for the patients who have been emasculated by Big Nurse and by their fears of the outside world. Passage after passage suggests that Kesey envisions Mc Murphy as a Christ figure who must sacrifice himself to bring life to the other patients. Mc Murphy's efforts to give the other patients a sense of joy in living culminates with a drunken party he arranges on the ward; a featured guest is a prostitute who provides Billy Bibbit, a painfully shy and insecure man aged 30, with his first sexual experience. When Big Nurse discovers Billy with the prostitute, she overwhelms him with guilt, causing his suicide. Mc Murphy attacks Big Nurse, but he is pulled away and lobotomized. When Mc Murphy is returned to the ward, Chief Broom smothers him so that he cannot be used as a trophy of Big Nurse's victory.
He then throws a huge control panel through a window and escapes, an action symbolizing his restoration to manhood and independence through his contact with Mc Murphy. The cartoon imagery Kesey uses to paint his "Walt Disney world" is evident when looked for. Scanlon is described at one point as "constructing a make-believe bomb to blow up a make-believe world" (31), an example of a much-used cartoon ploy (think of Bugs Bunny pulling a bomb out of thin air and handing it to Daffy Duck) wherein, in the make-believe cartoon world, no one ever gets hurt, just as Scanlon's bomb only causes damage in his mind's eye. In another scene Bromden describes the voices of attendants as "forced and too quick on the comeback to be real talk -- more like cartoon comedy speech" (33). In cartoon talk one-liners trip over one-liners, as in the first conversation Harding has with Mc Murphy where witty lines fly back and forth from one "Bull Goose Loony" to another (19).
Another comedy technique used in cartoons is violence -- make-believe violence in which only temporary damage is done. When the technicians in the novel say of Taber, "Check his head -- we may find evidence of a need for brainwork" (35), a funny line in itself, Chief Bromden thinks of "Punch and Judy acts where it's supposed to be funny to see the puppet beat up by the devil" (35). There is violence in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and death, but much of the violence causes no damage when damage should occur (51). Even the physical attributes of some Saturday morning loonies seem to closely resemble the characters in Kesey's novel. For instance, compare Yosemite Sam with Mc Murphy. Both have the attributes of a satirical American cowboy.
Yosemite has red hair and always wears a Lone Ranger mask. Mc Murphy has red hair and is referred to as a Lone Ranger (295). When he's upset, Yosemite puffs up and gets bigger. His spurs jangle when he swaggers across the floor. Bromden says of Mc Murphy, "We [make] him stand and hitch up his black shorts like they were horsehide chaps, and push back his cap (305). Both characters also have the tendency to break into song.
I have to describe Yosemite as "risible and fallible by virtue of his over-aggressiveness" and his easily galled and consternated, anything-you-can-do-l-can-do-better desire to prove his gumption and gusto." Mc Murphy proves that he has the same gumption over and over, most explicitly in his bet with the other patients that he will "beat [the Big Nurse] at her own game" (70). The speech patterns of the two characters, down to the western drawls, are also similar. The first words Yosemite Sam speaks, when he meets Bugs Bunny, are, "I'm Yosemite Sam! The meanest, toughest, rip-rain " est, Edward Everette Hortenest hombre, what ever packed a six-shooter." Some of the first words we hear from Mc Murphy are, "tell Bull Goose Loony Harding that R. P. Mc Murphy is waiting to see him and that this hospital ain't big enough for two of us...
if I'm bound to be a loony, then I'm bound to be a stomp down datum good one... either he meets me man to man or he's a yellow skunk and better be outta town by sunset" (9). The tone of both introduction s contains the same aggressiveness and Whos-going-to-beat-me? attitude. In both, the mythical cowboy is satirized and his comic attributes magnified.
Why wouldn't Kesey see thematic connections between his loonies and those of Warner brothers? The cartoons are full of disrespectful, go-against-the-norm characters that stand up to anything. My view of Bugs Bunny: "I love him, because of his attitude toward the Establishment, his absolute refusal to take any stuff from anybody." That, too, is the driving force behind Mc Murphy's chronicle. In both cases we want to see what kind of mayhem the character will cause next.
Even the physical attributes of some Saturday morning loonies seem to closely resemble the characters in Kesey's novel. For instance, compare Yosemite Sam with Mc Murphy. Both have the attributes of a satirical American cowboy. Yosemite has red hair and always wears a Lone Ranger mask. Mc Murphy has red hair and is referred to as a Lone Ranger (295). When he's upset, Yosemite puffs up and gets bigger.
His spurs jangle when he swaggers across the floor. Bromden says of Mc Murphy, "We [make] him stand and hitch up his black shorts like they were horsehide chaps, and push back his cap... like it was a ten-gallon Stetson... and when he walk[s] across the floor you [can] hear the iron in his bare heels ring sparks out of the tile" (305). Big Chief Bromden's breaking out of the mental ward at the end of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is too complex of an episode to be called either optimistic or pessimistic. I agree with that the direction he runs off in, being the same one the dog took to its destruction, presages his death.
The irony that the Chief gains freedom only to find death, however, is but a reflection of one of the central themes of the novel: victory in death. This theme is best illustrated by Mc Murphy, whose role as a Christ figure is too well-known to require annotation. He pits himself against Nurse Ratched to bring a better life to the other Acutes. Having learned that most of them are self committed and free to return to the outside world whenever they have the nerve to do so, he makes it his mission to develop this will within them. By the end of the novel, he has been so successful that all but Scanlon and Martini have checked out or been transferred at their request. Mc Murphy, however, has paid the ultimate price for their redemption.
He has been crucified. It is fitting that Bromden, as a disciple of Mc Murphy, narrates Mc Murphy's story, even as Jesus' disciples recorded his gospel. A six-foot-eight-inch hulk of a man who pretends to be stone deaf, he is analogous to Peter, the rock, one of those whom Jesus told to go out into the world. As Bromden prepares to crash the instrument panel into the window and escape, Scanlon reminds him that Mc Murphy has shown him this way out. If Bromden does meet death, as the direction of his escape implies he will, he continues the role of Peter, who was also crucified, not like his Lord, but head down at his request, to show he was not as worthy as Jesus.
His crucifixion is anticipated in the earlier episode of the dog by the "black cross" made by the silhouette of the biggest of the geese, its size suggestive of Bromden.
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