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Chapter 10 I. The New Democratic Politics in North America A. Continental Struggles Over Popular Rights 1. In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain 2. Spanish rule left a legacy of social divide 3.
the constitution of 1824, closely modeled to the U. S. constitution, crated a federal republic but continued a powerful political role for the Catholic Church and granted the president extraordinary powers in times of emergency 4. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana: strongest of the early president; saved Mexico from Spanish invasion; overthrow an unpopular dictatorship 5. the independence of Haiti in 1804 set the pattern for events in many other Caribbean islands in subsequent years a. destroyed the sugar industry b.
revolts c. abolition of slavery d. loss of local political autonomy e. economic collapse 6. the economic collapse following emancipation destroyed political authority of white elites 7. in 1837, both upper and lower Canada rebelled against the limited representative government that the British government had imposed in the Constitutional Act of 1791 8.
Most serious revolts occurred in French Lower Canada; British government refused to recognize the French-Canadian demand for their own political voice 9. 1840: Britain abolished government of lower Canada and joined it to Upper Canada; opposed by French Canadians; purpose of the union was to abandon their vain hopes of nationality 10. in 1850 s the U. S. foundered on sectional differences that not even political democracy could reconcile B. The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage 1. before 1800 - limited voters (less than the male population) 2.
wealthy held political power until 1825 when the Virginia Dynasty of presidents (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) served 3. Westward expansion changed nature of American politics; mobility promoted change by undermining traditional authority structures in the older states 4. rapid western expansion bolstered national pride 5. nine new states west of the Appalachians offered their political perspective 6. westerners, as a whole, shared common concerns and attitudes 7. new western states extended the right to vote to all white males over the age of 21 8.
Kentucky: universal manhood suffrage 9. Tennessee and Ohio: low taxpayer qualification by 1820, most of the older states followed suit 10. Jeffersonian Republicans achieved suffrage for all men who paid taxes or served in the militia (nearly everyone) in 1817 (Connecticut) 11. South Carolina: redistribution of power in 1808; led to demand for suffrage which became low in 1810 12.
laggards (Rhode Island, Virginia, Louisiana) didnt liberate their voting qualifications until later- but by 1840, more than 90 % of adult white males in the nation could vote; presidential electors were now elected by direct vote 13. universal white manhood suffrage was far from true universal suffrage; voting remained barred to most of the nations free African American males and all women of any race; only in five states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island) could free African American males vote before 1865 14. only 68 of 13, 000 African Americans could vote in New York in 1825; denied right to vote for African American men in all Southern States and in new western states; barred from serving in militias and juries; not allowed in western stats such as Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Oregon 15. denial of suffrage to women stemmed from the belief that men were head of household 16. even wealthy, singe women were subordinate to male relatives and denied the right to vote 17. although unable to vote, women (upper class) were important to politics; valuable sources of info. 18.
the exclusion of important groups- African Americans and women- marked limits of liberalization C. The Election of 1824 1. marked a dramatic end to political truce that James Monroe had established in 1817 2. Era of Good Feelings; unanimity did not survive the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Crisis 3. five candidates: Crawford, Adams, Clay, Jackson, Calhoun 4. each candidate was associated with a particular region a.
Adams: New England b. Crawford and Calhoun: South c. Clay and Jackson: West 5. Jackson won 43 % of pop. vote and 99 % of electoral, more than any other candidate 6. Adams elected president 7.
legislative accomplishments of Adams presidency were scanty; thus, Adams desire to lead the politics was frustrated by a political opposition that he thought illegitimate but was in reality an early sign of the two-party system D. The New Popular Democratic Culture 1. wider suffrage 2. parades and celebrations were a part of urban life 3. print revolution 1826 4.
new politics placed great emphasis on participation and party loyalty E. The Election of 1828 1. first to demonstrate the power and effectiveness of the new popular democratic culture and party system 2. Jackson won 56 % of pop. vote and an electoral majority of 178 votes 3.
to be truly national, a party had to create and maintain a coalition of North, South, and West; democrats were the first to do this II. The Jackson Presidency A. A Popular Vote 1. inaugurated on March 4, 1829 B.
Strong Executive 1. he dominated his administration 2. kitchen cabinet: political group made of friends 3. used social distance to separate himself from other politicians 4. freely used tools of office to strengthen executive branch; veto C. The Nations Leader Versus Sectional Spokesman 1.
Jackson was a national figure; more interest in asserting strong national leadership than promoting sectional compromise 2. Calhoun: ardent nationalist, war hawk in war of 1812; identified with southern interests 3. Sen. Daniel Webster: voice that shook the world; comfortable living and brandy made him less effective 4. Clay: always eager to forge political compromises; speaker of the house (1811 - 1825), served in senate 5.
Jacksons preeminence thwarted Clays own ambition to be president III. International Improvements: Building and Infrastructure A. The Transportation Revolution 1. between 1800 and 1840, the U. S. experienced truly revolutionary improvements in transportation 2.
improved transportations had dramatic effects on both individual mobility and economy; easier mobility and economy; easier access to cities and commercial goods 3. National Road (1808): crossed Appalachian Mountains at Cumberland, Maryland opening up the west B. Canals and Steamboats 1. roads were unsatisfactory in a commercial sense 2. waterborne transportation was much cheaper and still the major link among the Atlantic seaboard states and the Ohio-Mississippi River system 3.
Eerie Canal turned New Yorks merchants away from Europe and towards Americas heartland 4. steamboats stimulated trade in the nations interior C. Railroads 1. opened in 1830 2. early railroads had to overcome technological and supply problems 3.
problems of standardization and production quality 4. had far-reaching social consequences D. The legal Infrastructure 1. by preventing states from interfering with interstate commerce, the government assured entrepreneurs the freedom and security to operate in the risky new national market 2. two key decisions were handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): supreme court prevented states from interfering in contracts Gibbons v.
Ogden (1824): enjoined New York from giving steamboat monopoly to Robert Fulton (inventor of the vessel) 3. decision handled by Roger Taney (Marshalls successor) supported economic opportunity by denying a monopoly Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) 4. at the state level, another crucial commercial protection was the passage of laws concerning incorporation of businesses that had grown too large for individual proprietorship, family ownership, or limited partnership 5.
the net effect of state incorporation laws was to encourage large-scale economic activity and to hasten the commercialization of rural areas E. Commercial Agriculture in the Old Northwest 1. every advance in transportation made it easier for farmers to get their produce to market 2. improvements in agricultural machinery increased the amount of land a farmer could cultivate; developments added to the availability of rich, inexpensive land in the heartland, moved American farmers permanently away from subsistence agriculture and into production for sale 3. impact of transportation on old NW was marked; settlement accelerated, streaming immigrants 4.
government encouraged western settlement 5. terms eased from an initial rate (land $) 6. the need for cash to purchase land involved settlers (western) in commercial agriculture 7. new tools made western farmers unusually productive 8.
they were richer but more economically vulnerable than ever before IV. Jackson and His Opponents: The Rise of the Whigs A. The Nullification Crisis 1. the political issue that came to symbolize the divergent sectional interests of North and South, pitting the rights of individual states against the claims of a federal majority, was the protective tariff that placed a surcharge on imported goods 2.
first substantial tariff enacted in 1816 after northern manufacturing interests clamored for protection from the ruthless British competition that followed the War of 1812 3. Tariff of Abominations (1828) special tariff of Southern anger; Jacksons supporters passed it to increase northern support imposed high tariffs on imported textiles and iron ranged from to 1 / 3 total value
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