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Example research essay topic: Nineteen Eighty Four Winston And Julia - 2,886 words

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... d the Party's guilt. To my mind Winston is a sort of hero, because he is aware of the danger that he has encountered. So for example he knew it from the very beginning that his diary would be found. And as one can see the things that are written in this book (that freedom is to say that two and two makes four) are used against him later. He also knew that his illegal love affair was an act of revolution, would be disclosed by the Thought Police.

But nevertheless he is some kind of naive. He has opened his mind to O'Brien before he was sure that he was also against the Party. Julia Julia is a women around 25, and she works in a special department of the Minitrue, producing cheap Pornography for the proles. She had already a couple of illegal love affairs.

Unlike Winston, she is basically a simple woman, something of a lightweight who loves her man and uses sex for fun as well as for rebellion. She is perfectly willing to accept the overnight changes in Oceania's history and doesn't trouble her pretty head about it. If Big Brother says black is white, fine. If he says two and two make five, no problem.

She may not buy the Party line, but it doesn't trouble her. She falls asleep over Winston's reading of the treasured book by Goldstein. Orwell draws Winston's love object lovingly. Julia is all woman, sharp and funny as she is attractive, but she may also be a reflection of the author's somewhat limited view of the opposite sex.

O'Brien Probably the most interesting thing about O'Brien is that we have only Winston's opinion of him. This burly but sophisticated leader of the Inner Party is supposed to be the head of the secret Brotherhood dedicated to the overthrow of Big Brother. In his black overall, he haunts both Winston's dreams and his waking moments to the very end of the novel. Another very interesting thing about O'Brien is that the reader doesn't precisely know if he is a friend or an enemy of Winston. Yet even Winston himself doesn't know it.

I would say that O'Brien, the powerful and mighty Party member, is a kind of father for Winston. Before Winston's capture, O'Brien "helps" Winston to make contact with the Brotherhood, and he teaches him about the Ideology and the rules of this secret Organisation. After the capture O'Brien gives Winston the feeling, that he is somehow protecting him. The relation between O'Brien and Winston has all attributes of a typical relation between a father and a child: The father is all-knowing, all-mighty; he teaches, punishes and educates his child, and he is protecting it, from anything that could harm the child. But I think that O'Brien is only playing his role, due to reintegrate Winston. Big Brother Big Brother is not a real person.

All-present as he is, all-powerful and forever watching, he is only seen on TV. Although his picture glares out from huge posters that shout, BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, nobody sees Big Brother in person. Orwell had several things in mind when he created Big Brother. He was certainly thinking of Russian leader Joseph Stalin; the pictures of Big Brother even look like him. He was also thinking of Nazi leader Adolph Hitler and Spanish dictator Francisco Franco.

Big Brother stands for all dictators everywhere. Orwell may have been thinking about figures in certain religious faiths when he drew Big Brother. The mysterious, powerful, God-like figure who sees and knows everything- but never appears in person. For Inner Party members, Big Brother is a leader, a bogeyman they can use to scare the people, and their authorisation for doing whatever they want. If anybody asks, they can say they are under orders from Big Brother.

For the unthinking proles, Big Brother is a distant authority figure. For Winston, Big Brother is an inspiration. Big Brother excites and energise's Winston, who hates him. He is also fascinated by Big Brother and drawn to him in some of the same ways that he is drawn to O'Brien, developing a love-hate response to both of them that leads to his downfall. Plot The plot has three main movements, corresponding to the division of the book in three parts. The first part, the first eight chapters, creates the world of 1984, a totalitarian world where the Party tries to control everything, even thought and emotion.

In this part Winston develops his first unorthodox thoughts. The second part of the novel deals with the development of his love to Julia, someone with whom he can share his private emotions. For a short time they create a small world of feeling for themselves. They are betrayed however. O'Brien, whom Winston thought being a rebel like himself, is in reality a chief inquisitor of the Inner Party. The third part of the novel deals with Winston's punishment.

Finally he comes to love Big Brother. Generally the plot is very simple: a rebel, a love affair with a like-minded, capture, torture, and finally the capitulation. Apart from Julia, O'Brien, and of course Winston, there are no important characters; there is no attempt to create a range of social behaviour, and the complex personal interactions therein, all traditional concerns of the novel. Indeed one of Orwell's points is that life in 1984 has become totally uniform.

So the traditional novel would be unthinkable. In fact Winston is the only character worth writing about; all the other characters are half-robots already. So one could say that the plot was built around Winston's mind and life. This gave Orwell the opportunity to focus on the reaction of the individual to totalitarianism, love, and cruelty.

Political System
Party The Party of Oceania poses about 19 % of the whole population of Oceania's mainland.

Generally one could divide the Party into the Inner Party, which is comparable to the communistic Nomenclature, and the Outer Party. Winston Smith himself is a member of the Outer Party. The members of the Inner Party hold high posts in the administration of the country. They earn comparable much money, and there isn't a lack of anything in their homes, which looked like palaces. The people of the Outer Party live in dull grey and old flats. Because of the war there is often a lack of the most essential things.

The life of the Outer Party is dictated by the Party, even their spare time is used by the Party. There are so-called community hikes, community games and all sort of other activities. And refusing the participation at this activities is even dangerous. The life of a Party member is dictated from his birth to his death.

The Party even takes children away from their parents to educate them in the sense of Ingsoc. (you can find this also in the Communist future plans) The children are taught in school, to report it to the police (Toughtpolice) when their parents have unorthodox thoughts, so-called "Thoughtcrimes." After the education the Party members start to work mainly for one of the four Ministries (Minipax, Minitrue, Minimum, Miniplenty). The further life of the "comrades" continues under the watchful eyes of the Party. Everything the people do is targeted by the tele screens. Even in their homes people have tele screens. Each unorthodox action is then punished by "joy camps" (Newspeak word for forced labour camps").

Proles The proles make about 81 % of the population of Oceania. The Party itself is only interested in their labour power, because the proles are mainly employed in the industry and in the farms. Without their Labour force Oceania would break down. Despite this fact the Party completely ignores this social caste. The curious thing about this behaviour is, that the Party calls itself a Socialistic Party, and generally socialism (at least at the beginning and middle of this century) is a movement of the proletariat.

So one could say that the Party abuses the word "Ingsoc." Orwell again had pointed at an other regime, the Nazis, who had put "socialism" into their name. One of the main phrases of the Party is "Proles and animals are free." In Oceania the proles live in very desolate and poor quarters. Compared to the districts where the members of the Party live, there are much fewer tele screens, and policemen. And as long as the proles don't commit a crime (crime in our sense / not in the sense of the party - Toughtcrime) they don't have any contact with the state. Therefore in the districts of the proletarians one can find things that are abolished and forbidden for the Party members.

E. g. old books, old furniture, prostitution and alcohol (mainly beer) Except "Victory Gin" all of these things are not available for the Party-members. The proletarians don't participate in the technical development. They live like they used to do many years ago. To my mind the Party ignores the Proles, because they pose no danger to their rule.

The working class is too uneducated and too unorganized to pose a real threat. So there is not really a need to change the political attitudes of this class. Newspeak Newspeak is the official language of Oceania, and had been devised to meet ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984, there is nobody, who really uses Newspeak in speech nor in writing. Only the leading articles are written in this "language." But it is generally assumed that in the year 2050 Newspeak would superset Oldspeak, or common English. The purpose of Newspeak is not only to provide medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other methods of thought impossible.

Another reason for developing Newspeak is, to make old books, or books which were written before the era of the Party, unreadable. With Newspeak, Doublethink would be even easier. Its vocabulary is so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This is done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings whatever. Generally Newspeak words are divided into three groups: the A, B (also called compound words) and the C Vocabulary.

A-Vocabulary: The A-Vocabulary consist of the words needed in business and everyday life, for such things as drinking, working, and the like. The words of this group are nearly entirely composed of Oldspeak words, but in comparison, their number is very small. Nevertheless the meaning of this words is much more defined, and it allows no other interpretation. B-Vocabulary: The B-Vocabulary consist of words which have been deliberately constructed for political purpose.

Without the full understanding of the principles of Ingsoc it is very difficult to use and understand this words correctly. The B-Vocabulary are in all cases compound words, and they consisted of two or more words, merged together in an easy pronounceable form. Example: good think - Good think means very roughly orthodoxy, or if it is regarded as a verb "to think in a good manner." The infected as follows: noun-verb good think; past tense and past participle, goodthinked; present participle, good thinking; adjective, goodthinkful; adverb, goodthinkwise; verbal noun, good thinker. The B-Words are not constructed on any etymological plan. The words of which they are made up can be placed in any order mutilated in any way which makes them easy to pronounce (e. g.

tought crime, crime think think pol, tought police). Many of the B-Words are euphemisms. Such words for instance as joy camp (forced labour camp) or Minipax (Ministry of Peace in charge of the army), mean almost exact opposite of what they appear to mean. Again some words are ambivalent, having the connotation good when applied to the party, and bad when applied to its enemies. Generally the name of any organisation, building, and so on is cut down to a minimum number of syllables and to a minimum of length, in an easy pronounceable way.

This isn't only in Newspeak, already other, especially totalitarian systems, tended to used abbreviations for political purpose (Nazi, Comintern, Gestapo, ... ). But the difference is that only in Newspeak this instrument is used with consciousness. The Party intended to cut down the possibility of associations with other words. C-Vocabulary: The C-Words are consisting of technical and scientific terms. From the foregoing account it is very easy to see that in Newspeak the expression of unorthodox opinions, above a very low level, is impossible. It is only possible to say "Big Brother is untold." But this statement can't be sustained by reasoned arguments, because the necessary words are not available.

Ideas inimical to Ingsoc can only be entertained in a very vague and wordless form, and can only be named in very broad terms. One could in fact only use Newspeak for political unorthodoxy, by illegitimately translating some of the words back into Oldspeak. For example "All mans are equal" was a possible Newspeak sentence, but only in the same sense in which "All man have the same weight" is a possible Oldspeak sentence. It did not contain a grammatical error, but it expressed a palpable untruth i. e. that all man have the same size, weight...

The concept of political equality no longer existed. In 1984, when Oldspeak is still the normal mean of communication, the danger theoretically exists that in using Newspeak words one might remember their original meanings. In practice it is not difficult for a person well grounded in Doublethink to avoid doing this, but within a couple of generation even the possibility of such a lapse would have vanished. A person growing up with Newspeak as his sole language would no more know that equal had once had the secondary meaning of "politically equal" (also free, ... ). There would be many crimes and errors which would be beyond of the power to commit, simply because there were nameless and therefore unimaginable. It is to be foreseen that with the passage of time Newspeak words would become fewer and fewer, their meanings more and more and more rigid, and the chance to put them to improper uses always diminished.

So when Oldspeak had been once and for all superseded the last link with the past would have been severed. Doublethink Doublethink is a kind of manipulation of the mind. Generally one could say that Doublethink makes people accept contradictions, and it makes them also believe, that, the party is the only institution that distinguishes between right and wrong. This manipulation is mainly done by the Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), where Winston Smith works.

When a person that is well grounded in Doublethink recognizes a contradiction or a lie of the Party, then the person thinks that he is remembering a false fact. The use of the word Doublethink involves doublethink. With the help of the Minitrue it is not only possible to change written facts, but also facts that are remembered by the people. So complete control of the country and it's citizens is provided. The fact of faking the history had already been used by the Nazis, who told the people that already German Knights believed in the principles of National Socialism.

Symbolism In "Nineteen Eighty-Four" Orwell draws a picture of a totalitarian future. Although the action deals in the future, there are a couple of elements and symbols, taken from the present and past. So for example Emanuel Goldstein, the main enemy of Oceania, is, as one can see in the name, a Jew. Orwell draws a link to other totalitarian systems of our century, like the Nazis and the Communists, who had anti-Semitic ideas, and who used Jews as so-called scapegoats, who were responsible for all bad and evil things in the country.

This fact also shows that totalitarian systems want to arbitrate their perfection. Emanuel Goldstein somehow also stands for Trotsky, a leader of the Revolution, who was later declared as an enemy. Another symbol that can be found in Nineteen Eighty-Four is the fact that Orwell divides the fictional superstates in the book according to the division that can be found in the Cold War. So Oceania stands for the United States of America, Eurasia for Russia and Eastasia for China.

The fact that the two socialistic countries Eastasia and Eurasia (in our case Russia and China) are at war with each other, corresponds to our history (User river). Other, non-historical symbols can be found. One of these symbols is the paperweight that Winston buys in the old junk-shop. It stands for the fragile little world that Winston and Julia have made for each other.

They are the coral inside of it. As Orwell wrote: "It is a little chunk of history, that they have forgotten to alter." The "Golden Country" is another symbol. It stands for the old European pastoral landscape. The place where Winston and Julia meet for the first time to make love to each other, is exactly like the "Golden Country" of Winston's dreams.


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Research essay sample on Nineteen Eighty Four Winston And Julia

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