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... the Abiquiu area fighting with Indians. The departure of General Kearny from New Mexico proved to be premature and disastrous for the new American government which had been so recently and tenuously established there. NEW POLITICAL ORDER On September 22, Kearny -- -now promoted to Brigadier General -- -made some new political appointments.

In his first official proclamation after the occupation, he expressed his joy at having taken possession of New Mexico without firing a shot or shedding a drop of blood. Next on the agenda was to establish a new political structure. The promises of General Kearny to protect property and lives of the Nuevo Mexicanos was very appealing, since the Mexican government had seemed impotent in this regard. The most significant appointment that General Kearny made at this time was Charles Bent as the first governor under the new American rule. Kearney also named three new justices of the supreme court. They were Charles Beaubien, his son Narciso, and Joab Houghton.

NATIONALIST RESOLUTION Within a few weeks, the Mexican nationalists and Taos Indians revived their plans for resistance and determined to put them into practice. The situation was about to heat up and explode in Taos. One of the protagonists of anti-American sentiment was Padre Manuel Gallegos. Padre Martinez had long been his teacher and mentor. These two priests, born a generation apart in the same village of Abiquiu, were nevertheless divided on the necessity of a bloody revolution for the life and freedom of their homeland. On December 12, 1846, feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, patroness of Mexican independence from Spain, Gallegos and his companions re-ignited the revolutionary movement.

Together with other Mexican patriots, they followed up on previous meetings, arrangements and agreements made among several Mexican citizens residing at Las Vegas, Mora and Taos... Their plan was, neither more nor less than the assassination on the 19 th of the same month [December], of all the Americans that might be found in New Mexico. At a midnight meeting held in Santa Fe on December 16, 1846, the conspirators made a decision to postpone their deadly intent from December 19 to Christmas Eve. However, on the 21 st, Charles Bent somehow uncovered the plot to assassinate all Americans in New Mexico. As a result, the assault was again secretly delayed -- -this time until January 19, precisely a month after the revolution was originally scheduled to have taken place. Colonel Don Diego Archuleta, who had been second in military command to Governor Armijo when he abandoned the territory to the Americans, was one of the instigators of the revolt.

When this was discovered, he also fled to Mexico where he joined Armijo. Both Armijo and Archuleta were later pardoned by the American government, and Archuleta eventually returned to his family in New Mexico where he resumed public life as a legislator and lawyer. BENT'S ASSASSINATION What is called the Taos Rebellion of 1847 was in reality a combination of several events and battles. The first was the violent assassination of Governor Charles Bent and the killing of fifteen to seventeen other Americanos or their sympathizers in the middle of January 1847.

Five Americans and two Mexican partisans died in Taos. Besides Governor Charles Bent, the American casualties at Taos included Narciso Beaubien, who was the son of Judge Charles Beaubien, and Stephen Louis Lee, the sheriff of Taos. Another nine Americans were killed at Turley's Mill in Arroyo Hondo, twelve miles north of Taos, and only one American casualty at the altercations in the Santa Cruz-Embudo areas. Knowing that Charles Bent was a prime target, the Governor nevertheless seemed unafraid. Since there was no attack by the end of December as had been anticipated, Bent was lulled into mistakenly believing that everything had been fully appeased. In spite of warnings to the contrary, Bent decided to leave Santa Fe on January 14 in order to have a post-Christmas visit with his family in Taos.

Very early in the morning of January 19, 1847, while Bent was in his house sleeping, Taos Indians forced their way into the house and made the assault. They broke down the door, fired a rifle through it, wounding the Governor in the chest and stomach. Then they proceeded to pierce him with arrows, and scalp him. Governor Bent was married to Mara Ignacio Jaramillo and their daughter Teresina always vividly recalled the terrible and traumatic event of her father's assassination which took place before her own eyes.

Hearing the noise, he [Gov. Bent] went to the door and tried to pacify the crowd yelling outside... We children were trembling with fear... While my father was parleying with the mob, Mrs.

Carson and Mrs. Boggs, aided by an Indian woman who was a slave (peon), dug a hole through the adobe wall which separated our house from the next. They did it with only a poker and an old iron spoon. I still have the poker that they used. We children were first pushed through the hole and then the women crawled through after us. My mother kept calling to my father to come also, but for quite a while he would not.

When he did try to escape he was already wounded and had been scalped alive! He crawled through the hole, holding his hand on the top of his bleeding head. But it was too late. Some of the men came after him through the hole and others came over the roof of the house and down into the yard. They broke down the doors and rushed upon my father.

He was shot many times and fell dead at our feet. The newly appointed district attorney, J. W. Like, was also scalped alive, and then dragged through the streets. Sheriff Stephen Lee was killed on his own housetop on the south side of the plaza. Narcisse Beaubien hid in an outhouse, but was turned in by a woman, servant to the family.

Narcisse, whose mother was New Mexican, was the son of Judge Carlos Beaubien. He had been studying for five years at Cape Girardeau college, below St. Louis, and was proficient in French and Spanish as well as English. Pedro Sanchez was married to the favorite niece of Padre Martinez in his private chapel after the Padre's rift with the new French Archbishop. Sanchez' family memories of the priest never mention the conflict with Bishop Lamy, but his account of the Taos Rebellion is vivid.

The description by Pedro Sanchez of the uprising, written twenty-six years after that of Santiago Valdez, reflects the living memory of many people whom Sanchez knew well. One cold morning in January, 1847, a revolt exploded in Taos. Padre Martinez was awakened by a mob of people in his planula [courtyard] screaming, "Open for the love of God, open! The Indians are killing Don Carlos Bent, Don Luis Lee, and others!" The priest in his underclothing ran and opened the door.

He bade the desperate and terrorized people to enter. There peaceful citizens of Taos assembled. Among them were the families of the Americans who had perished at the hands of the insurgents and families of those who were absent from the village. All were there without distinction of race, color, or creed, in the house of the priest whose heart was full of compassion and the spirit of consolation and peace... He gave them food and provided arms for those who could handle them. He had fortress constructed on the roof of his house and placed sentries on guard for the protection of the people against the insurgents who kept up a barrage of words, yelling, "Traitors, traitors!" Father Martinez placed himself at the head in defense of his guests, until the arrival of Colonel Price.

Some prominent American citizens of Taos, who otherwise certainly would have perished, were out of town during the days of the uprising. Territorial supreme court justice Charles Beaubien, partner with Charles Bent in the Maxwell Land Grant, was away on a shopping expedition in Santa Fe. Both Kit Carson and Colonel St. Vrain were together at Bents Fort during those fateful days.

They all would soon return to do their part in the swift and harsh retaliation against the uprising. Padre Martinez was not a participant in the plans to overthrow American rule in New Mexico. In fact, the Padre showed himself very humanitarian in the heat of battle when he gave hospitality to Elliot Lee who ran for cover to the priest's home. With several other family members of murdered Americans, Lee found shelter and ample protection at the Padre's house. It is nothing but just to bear testimony to the humanitarian action of Padre Martinez, first, because a man is worthy of praise who, in such critical moments, gives shelter to the persecuted, though in so doing, he might have to expose his life; and in the second place, because many writers, with an inborn prejudice, have attempted to stain the name of Padre Martinez, charging him with being one of the movers of the vile and cowardly attack. Most accounts of the events in Taos during the year 1847 are presented from the point of view of the American victors.

However, Santiago Valdez, a putative son of the Padre Martinez, furnishes us with a unique perspective of the Taos Rebellion in his 1877 biography of Padre Martinez. Following are excerpts from his manuscript written ten years after the death of the Padre and thirty years after the rebellion: While the mob was committing their treacherous work, Padre Martinez was on his way to church to say Mass, but was stopped by the howling of someone running... He remained motionless to await and see the cause of it, and saw that it was an American named Elias Lee who was hotly pursued by the mob. He was imploring his [Padre Martinez] protection, and Padre Martinez immediately spoke to the crowd. Upon hearing what they had been doing in town, he reprimanded them bitterly, and denounced them as murders. Accompanied by the American whose life he had saved, he [Padre Martinez] went back from that spot to his home.

After Bent's assassination, the crowed asked Padre Martinez for his approval of their action, but he reprimanded them and directed himself especially to their leader Pablo Montoya: My dear Christian brothers, I am indeed very sorry to see that my parishioners and brothers in Christ have been the principal agents of this fearful crime. You have provoked the anger of this powerful government. You have made yourselves guilty of such an anti-Christian and barbarous act. There is no difficulty, my brothers, in attacking and killing defenseless individuals especially while they are asleep. However, it is very difficult to attack and kill civilized troops which are well armed. Although the leaders of the revolution were angry and disappointed in their priest, they knew that he had an American under his roof, and they did not dare attempt to say anything ill about him.

This is sufficient testimony that Padre Martinez was highly respected even at the most critical moments. In spite of his reprehension's, he was always looked upon as the most respected man of the community. The rebels of the Taos Pueblo are surprised by the negative reaction of their priest to their entreaties for his support. They do not seems to be aware that their pastor is now an American citizen.

This may explain somewhat why their priest chastises them and gives unheeded advice to Pablo Chavez, one of the pueblo leaders: You and your followers are the reason that these families are gathered here to escape your treacherous hands. The many privations and sufferings which they have been undergoing is on account of your inhuman atrocities, and for all this you have to render a strict account before Almighty God. You have been misled by the blindness of ignorant and ambitious people, and you have committed an unpardonable blunder. You have stained your hands and souls with the blood of your innocent victims, thus following not the law of God, but the law of Satan.

For the law of God says: Every man must obey his superiors, as his power and authority derives from God, and he who disobeys his superiors will disobey God. But as you take no heed of Gods commandments, you will very soon be confused, abject, and destroyed, and the day of your punishment is fast approaching. You will be sorry for all you have done, and for the sufferings of these families. The strong pro-American slant reflected in the account of Santiago Valdez can be better understood in light of the fact that Valdez is well situated in the new system. He was a successful New Mexican politician of the late nineteenth century who wrote the account thirty years after the American occupation. TURLEY'S MILL At about the same time as the explosion at Taos, fireworks were also taking place at Turley's Mill in Arroyo Hondo, about twelve miles north.

Besides Governor Charles Bent, another of the targets of the Taos Rebellion was Simon Turley, who was proprietor of the mill which bore his name. He was a long time merchant in northern New Mexico, and had become especially wealthy through the sale of Taos Lightning, his powerful home-brewed local whiskey which was widely used by the mountain men and also sold to Indians. Padre Martinez had expressed himself against the occupation of land for the manufacture of whiskey and its distribution to Indians. Although Turley thought of himself as a good friend of the people, he nevertheless incurred the hostility of several including Pueblo Indians. This may have been related to his trafficking in alcohol and the dependence it occasioned among the Indians. [Padre Martinez referred to this in his letter to Bishop Zubira. ] The melee lasted for a couple of days shortly after the murder of Governor Bent.

About a dozen men were killed: seven whites and five Indians. Simon Turley's house, mill, and still lay at the foot of a gradual slope in the sierra, which was covered with cedar-bushes. The house was located behind the still. It had a garden enclosed by a fence, and a small wicket-gate which opened from the corral. In front ran the stream of the Arroyo Hondo, about twenty yards from one side of the square, and on the other side was broken ground, which rose abruptly and formed the bank of the ravine. Although Turley thought that he would not be molested, he nevertheless agreed to make preparations for defense.

He closed the gate of the yard which surrounded the buildings of his mill and distillery. A few hours later, a large crowd of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians armed with guns and bows and arrows advanced with a white flag. They told Turley to surrender his house and the Americans in it and guaranteed him that his own life would be saved. At the time, eight well-armed men with plenty of ammunition were in his house. They included Americans, French Canadians, and Englishmen. When it became clear that Turley and his men would rather fight than surrender, the attackers scattered and concealed themselves under the cover of the rocks and bushes which surrounded the house.

Arrows and bullets were traded in a battle which continued into the night. The Indians and New Mexicans tried to break down the wall of the main building, used as a fort for defense, but the strength of the adobes and logs effectively resisted all their attempts. The first assailant who tried to cross over into Turley's house was the Pueblo chief. He was shot and instantly fell dead in the center of the intervening space. Soon there would be seven dead Indians. Three more were immediately killed in their vain attempts to retrieve the body of their dead chief, and another three were killed almost immediately afterwards.

So far there were no white men killed, but after the fall of the seven Indians... the whole body of assailants, with a shout of rage, poured in a rattling volley, and two of the defenders of the mill fell mortally wounded. " The survivors of the little garrison held a war council and decided that, when night came, it would be up to each to escape as best he might. Turley himself succeeded in escaping from the mill, and seemed to be on his way to safety. However, he was shot to death, it is said, by someone whom he knew well and had been friendly toward him. Turley's house and mill were sacked and gutted and all the gold concealed about the house was discovered and taken.

AMERICAN RETALIATION Padre Martinez apprised Colonel Sterling Price of the situation in Taos after the murder of the governor. Price, a graduate of Hampden Sidney College, was elected to the Missouri Legislature in 1843. The following year, he was elected to Congress and became speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1846, Price resigned his seat to accept a commission as colonel of the Second Regiment of Missouri Volunteers which he raised to help fight the war against Mexico. The Missouri outfit of Colonel Price gained a reputation for being an undisciplined group of racist, whiskey-fueled fighters: They were good shots and their courage and self confidence (mainly a bloodless sense of superiority over the "greasers") were never in doubt, but their discipline left everything to be desired. Once the Missourians came into contact with Turley's famous "Taos Lightning" they were uncontrollable.

Colonel Ceran St. Vrain was one of the first Americans who had come to New Mexico from Missouri. After his return from Bent's Fort where he had been at the time of the uprising, St. Vrain went to Santa Fe and raised a voluntary company of sixty-five men to fight against the rebels. He then accompanied Colonel Price who was in command of the regular army of 350 men that marched up to Taos in late January.

SKIRMISHES AT LA CANADA AND EMBUDO Price's men passed through Santa Cruz, near Espaola, and Embudo, now called Dixon, where there were skirmishes against the revolutionaries who were coming down from Taos to engage them. Prices superior forces and fire power brought a quick end to this battle fought on January 24, 1847. Thirty-six of Montoya's men were killed at Santa Cruz, while only two men of the Colonel were lost. Jess Tafoya, one of the New Mexicans' principal leaders, was fatally wounded there. Within a week, the Indian Pablo Montoya was publicly hanged on specially constructed gallows near the Taos Plaza.

Victorious over the small group at La Canada, Colonel Price proceeded to easily defeat the ill equipped and smaller group of warriors -- -the second company -- - at the battle of Embudo, near present day Dixon. Within a half hour, twenty Indians were killed, while there was only one loss by Colonel Price. Some of the insurgents fled back to their homes, and their leaders and families sought refuge in the mountains. Others came back to Taos, where they made their fortification to resist the American troops. A few went home without involving themselves further in the conflict. These took advantage of the amnesty which Padre Martinez on the very morning of the Taos Rebellion promised he would request for the rebels who desisted from their revolutionary activity, and which colonel Price granted.

Meanwhile, the American forces under Colonel Sterling Price continued their upward trek toward Taos. On February 2, nearly 500 American soldiers with their wagons and artillery of four mountain howitzers arrived at the village of Ro Chiquito, now known as Talk, near Ranchos de Taos. The villagers received an abrupt introduction to the physical power of the United States Army from these soldiers who camped there for the night. PUMMELING OF THE TAOS PUEBLO The massacre at the Taos Pueblo and the military's willful destruction of its venerable Catholic church -- -established since 1598 -- - is a sad chapter in American history. The Indians fully expected that their taking refuge in the church would be respected within a tradition of sanctuary. Colonel Price arrived at Taos at 10 oclock a.

m. , and proceeded at once to the Indian Village [Pueblo], three miles north of here, but did not give the Indians battle. He only skirmished and returned to the town. The Indians and their companions believed that they were victorious, and were flattering themselves for having defeated the American troops. Price made his quarters at Padre Martinez house and told him in the night, "I skirmished lightly at the Indian pueblo, and then retreated so as to make them believe that I was afraid, and thus prevent their leaving the village during the night. " The next day, Colonel Price proceeded early in the morning with his forces, and renewed the attack on the Indian pueblo. The fight commenced at 9: 00 oclock a. m.

The Indians had made pretty strong fortifications; they had built a strong adobe wall around the village. The Americans surrounded the pueblo and attacked all around it with artillery and cavalry, while the infantry advanced at the front. After a hot fight, the Americans were victorious and captured the Indian Village, and the Indians surrendered at 1: 00 oclock p. m.

Colonel Price then sent for Padre Martinez to gather the vestments and things belonging to the church of the pueblo which was burned during the fight, and to bury the dead. Colonel Price reached Taos about noon on February 3, and presented himself to Padre Martinez at his home which he used as his headquarters for his Taos campaign. He learned that the insurgents were entrenched in the church of the Taos Pueblo, about three miles away. Although his men were exhausted from the hard march and winter fighting, Colonel Price nevertheless decided to attack immediately. That evening he reconnoitered the pueblo-church fortification, and ordered a strategic shelling of a few rounds of artillery for several hours. The battle was hotly contested until night when two white flags of surrender were hoisted, but were shot down in disregard.

At the approach of darkness, the Americans retired to the village in a ploy to make the Indians and other rebels think that they were leaving. Colonel Price stayed that night at the home of Padre Martinez. When it became clear that the inhabitants of the pueblo could not defend themselves against American firepower, they appealed for peace. However, peace was to be granted on the condition that their chief Tomasito Romero be delivered over to the Americans.

After some hesitation, Chief Tomasito surrendered in order to prevent the complete genocide of his people. The Chief was killed shortly afterwards by a bullet fired by Private Fitzgerald who was supposed to be guarding the chief in a make-shift cell at Taos. The spirit of vengeance among U. S. soldiers and their disproportionate retaliation is evident: When the breach was made in the church, whither the enemy had retreated as a last resort, the dragoons attacked with bombs, holding the shells in their hands until the fuses were nearly burned, and then tossing them in to do their work of devastation.

The first two Americans who entered the breach fell dead... , and Fitz was the fifth... His brother... murdered by Salazar while a prisoner in the Texan expedition against Santa Fe... In the fight at the Pueblo, three Mexicans fell by his hand; and, the day following, he walked up to the alcalde and deliberately shot him down. For this cold-blooded act, he was confined to await a trial for murder. Private Fitzgerald was jailed for that personal and premature execution, but escaped from his jail cell while awaiting court martial.

He was never tried for the murder of the Taos Pueblo Chief Toms Romero. Maybe in Fitzgeralds thinking, the death of one governor deserved the death of another. However, the score was never even. Over two hundred Indians-including a great part of the Pueblo population of women and children-and Mexicans had been seeking sanctuary in the pueblo church of San Geronimo.

More than one hundred and fifty came to be blown up by canon fire! This disproportionately contrasts to the much smaller number of seven Americanos who were killed in the Taos altercation. Ceran St. Vrain had deputized a posse of mounted volunteers whose task it was to guard the exits of the Taos Pueblo in order to prevent fugitives.

With men posted on the opposite side of the church, fleeing defenders of the pueblo were cut off, and the revolt at Taos was over. After three days of desperate combat, the Indians discretely surrendered. The classic of the far west by Lewis H. Garrard, WAH-TO-YAH AND THE TAOS TRAIL offers a curious perspective of the events occurring in Taos during the year 1847, the same year the work was first published. It chronicles the travels of a young adventurer of seventeen years who traveled the Santa Fe Trail with Ceran St. Vrain from St.

Louis to Taos through Bents Fort. The timing of the journey of Garrard is serendipitous because his travels precisely coincided with climactic moments in New Mexican history. Garrard visited the scene of devastation, and inspected the various places of sacrilegious destruction of a holy place and callous disregard for sanctuary: We... passed to the west side, entering the church at the stormer's breach, through which the missiles of death were hurled. We silently paused in the center of the house of Pueblo worship. Above, between the charred and blackened rafters which leaned from their places as if ready to fall on us, could be seen the spotless blue sky of this pure clime...

It was truly a scene of desolation. In the strong hope of victory they made no provision for defeat; in the superstitious belief of the protection afforded by the holy Church, they were astounded beyond measure that, in the hour of need, they should be forsaken by their tutelar [sic - titular] saint [San Geronimo]-that los diablos Americanos should, within the limits of consecrated ground, trample triumphant, was too much to bear... Up until 1847, there had been no need for a courthouse in Taos. Justice had been meted out by a system including the alcalde and other officials of the community. In the new order, a new justice system had been set up.

It was tested almost immediately. Garrard's gives a vivid description of the fate of the condemned revolutionaries to which he himself was an eyewitness: About nine oclock, active preparations were made for the execution, and the soldier mustered. Reverend padres, on the solemn mission of administering the blessed sacrament and spiritual consolation, in long, black gowns and meek countenances, passed the sentinels... The priests who would have accompanied the prisoners before their execution would certainly have included Padre Martinez in the first place. In addition, other priests who were very likely there include the Vicario Felipe Ortiz, Padre Manuel Lucero of Arroyo Hondo who was friend and neighbor of Padre Martinez, and possibly Padre Manuel Gallegos.

Gerrard records the sentiments of one of the condemned: ... his speech was firm assertion of his own innocence, the unjustness of his trial, and the arbitrary conduct of his murderers. With a scowl, as the cap was pulled over his face, the last words he uttered between his gritting teeth were, Cargo, los Americanos! The atrocity of the act of hanging that man for treason is most damnable [emphasis mine]; with the execution of those for murder no fault should be found... Garrard had moral qualms about the military and judicial retribution suffered by the Pueblo Indians and New Mexican settlers. This gnawed at him because at root his sense of justice was keen.

Court assembled at nine oclock... It certainly did appear to be a great assumption on the part of the Americans to conquer a country and then arraign the revolting inhabitants for treason... After an absence of a few minutes, the jury returned with a verdict of guilty in the first degree... Treason, indeed!

What did the poor devil know about his new allegiance? ... I left the room, sick at heart. Justice! Out upon the word, when its distorted meaning is the warrant for murdering those who defend to the last their country and their homes. [Emphasis mine. ] It was clear to Garrard that everyone who was part of the jury or legal counsel, or the justices themselves were all people who were related to Charles Bent by blood or business relationship.

Mr. St. Vrain was the interpreter. It was hardly an impartial jury system.

The trial of the war criminals took place in the spring. Charles Beaubien was a resident of Taos and one of the three Chief Justices appointed by Governor Kearny on September 22, 1846. However, since his own son Narciso Beaubien was one of the victims of the uprising, it was appropriately decided that Beaubien not preside at the trial. Another of Kearny's appointees, Judge Joab Houghton, was named to serve as judge for the trial. He had never been trained in law and was a close friend of the slain governor. Between April 5 and 24, fifteen out of seventeen men of the Taos Pueblo were convicted of murder, one for each American or American sympathizer who had perished in the various battles of the Taos rebellion.

One out of five were convicted of high treason, and six out of sixteen for larceny. "The executions for murder were carried out on an improvised gallows with borrowed lariats and tether ropes. " CONCLUSION On October 3, 1848, the eve of the feast of St. Francis, two years after the Taos revolution and about eight months after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which finally brought cloture to the Mexican War, Padre Martinez again wrote some of his reflections to Bishop Zubira. Some prejudiced Mexicans started a revolution here in Taos against the Americans, similar to that of 1837 and 38, but were badly defeated by the latter in two encounters on their way to Santa Fe. After these encounters, a conservative force was organized by the most respectable citizens. The rebels took to the Indian Village [of Taos] and made that place their headquarters. There they were again attacked and decidedly defeated by the American troops, this being the last attack.

The church of the Village was completely destroyed, and the vestments, etc. pertaining to the church were gathered by the American Commander and delivered to me. The rebels after suffering a terrible loss were captured. I still keep at my own [Guadalupe, Taos Plaza] church the ecclesiastical property which was delivered to me... At the early part of last year, a newspaper undertook to attack our Religion and its ministers, and I answered the unjust charges and defended our cause. I will do the same, with the help of God, at any time when circumstances may require it...

REFLECTIONS Santiago Valdez, author of Padre Martinez biography, is a close relative of the priest, and was brought up with him in his own household. He was "un familiar, " either an adopted son or real son, whose own children used the Padre's family name. Valdez was named as an heir in the priest's last will and testament, and he remained a Catholic all his life, following the political path of his famous relative. The Martinez clan was wealthy, and the priest had his personal family wealth which he generously used in helping poor people.

By his wealth, priesthood and political positions, he belonged to the privileged class. He nevertheless was committed to service of all his parishioners with a preferential option for the poor. Like any parent who sees his children at odds or fighting, he wants to see peace and reconciliation between them. But the really good parent knows that true reconciliation will not develop by discounting differences. They need to be dealt with justly. As a good Padre, Martinez must have been deeply disturbed by the death of so many of his parishioners from the Pueblo, and the execution of several, including the Indian Chief Tomasito Romero and Pablo Montoya.

Padre Martinez was a brilliant and compassionate man


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